._______________
4 sent / you /1 / an email / but / reply / didn't
5 go / Why / night / did / so late / you / to bed / last
3 Write the Past Continuous sentences in the correct order.
1 left / playing / when / they /1 / were / in the garden
2 I / when / just leaving / was / rang / the phone / home
3 laughing / Why / you / me / at / you / were
________________________?
4 wasn't / my computer / couldn't /1 / so / working / send emails
(start) to rain. As I (5)
(run) home, I (6)
(fall)
over and got soaking wet. The rain (7) _____________ (come) down so
hard that it (8)_______________ (be) difficult to see anything. I was very
happy when I finally (9)
(arrive) back at my house.
5 Choose the correct preposition.
1 They started the course on/at/in April.
2 Let's meet on/in/at 8.30.
3 I went to university in/at/on the 1990s.
4 What would you like to do at/in/on the morning?
5 We always go shopping on/in/at the weekend.
6 Wendy bought a car at/on/in November.
7 Do you eat special food at/on/in Christmas?
8 What did he do at/on/in Sunday?
9 I'll give you a call at/on/in two weeks' time.
10 In/On/At New Year's Day we often go to the beach.
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UNIT4
4.1 Expressions of quantity ► Ex. 1-4 Count and uncount nouns
I It is important to understand the difference between count and uncount nouns.
| Count nouns | Uncount nouns |
| a cup | water |
| a girl | sugar |
| an apple | milk |
| an egg | music |
| a pound | money |
We can say three cups, two girls, ten pounds. We can count them. We cannot say two waters, three musics, one money. We cannot count them.
2 Count nouns can be singular or plural. This cup is full These cups are empty. Uncount nouns can only be singular. The water is cold. The weather was terrible.
much and many
1 We use much with uncount nouns in questions and negatives. How much money have you got?
There isn't much milk left.
2 We use many with count nouns in questions and negatives. How many people were at the party?
! didn't take many photos on holiday.
some and any
1 Some is used in positive sentences. I'd like some sugar.
2 Any is used in questions and negatives. Is there any sugar in this tea?
Have you got any brothers and sisters? We don't have any washing-up liquid. I didn't buy any apples.
3 We use some in questions that are requests or offers. Can I have some cake?
Would you like some tea?
4 The rules are the same for the compounds someone, anything, anybody, somewhere, etc.
I've got something for you.
Hello? Is anybody there?
There isn't anywhere to go in my town.
a few and a little
1 We use a few with count nouns.
Tlfere are a few cigarettes left, but not many.
2 We use a little with uncount nouns. Can you give me a little help?
a lot/lots of
1 We use a lot/lots of with both count and uncount nouns. There's a lot of butter.
I've got lots of friends.
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2 A lot/lots of can be used in questions and negatives. Are there lots of tourists in your country?
There isn't a lot of butter, but there's enough.
4.2 Articles - a and the ► Ex. 5
1 The indefinite article a or ah is used with singular, countable nouns to refer to a thing or an idea for the first time.
We have a cat and a dog.
There's a supermarket in Adam Street.
2 The definite article the is used with singular and plural, countable and uncountable nouns when both the speaker and the listener know the thing or idea already.
We have a cat and a dog. The cat is old, but the dog is just a puppy. I'm going to the supermarket. Do you want anything? (We both know which supermarket.)
Indefinite article
The indefinite article is used:
1 with professions. I'm a teacher. She's an architect.
2 with some expressions of quantity.
a pair of a little a couple of a few
3 in exclamations with what + a count noun. What a lovely day!
What a pity!
What clever children!
Definite article
The definite article is used:
1 before seas, rivers, hotels, pubs, theatres, museums, and newspapers. the Atlantic the British Museum
The Times the Ritz
2 if there is only one of something.
the sun the Queen the Government
3 with superlative adjectives.
He's the richest man in the world. Jane's the oldest in the class.
No article
There is no article:
1 before plural and uncountable nouns when talking about things in general.
/ like potatoes. Milk is good for you.
2 before countries, towns, streets, languages, magazines, meals, airports, stations, and mountains.
/ had lunch with Paul.
I bought Cosmopolitan at Paddington Station.
3 before some places and with some forms of transport.
| at home | in/to bed | by car |
| at/to school/university | by bus | by plane |
| at/to work | by train * | on foot |
She goes to work by bus. I was at home yesterday evening. 4 in exclamations with what + an uncount noun. What beautiful weather! What loud music!
Note
In the phrase go home, there is no article and no preposition. / went home early. NOT / went lo home early.
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EXERCISES
UNIT5
| walking on the stairs! |
1 butter ___ 5 banana ___
2 time ___ 6 sugar ___
3 advice ___ 7 child ___
4 girl ___ 8 weather ___
2 Write how much, how many, much or many.
1 ________ time have we got left?
2 There isn't_______ milk.
3 ________ hours do you work every day?
4 There weren't______ people at the party.
5 ________ children has Sue got?
3 Choose the correct option.
1 Just a few/a little milk in my coffee, please.
2 There's lots of/a few sugar in the cupboard.
3 Let's play a few/a little more songs.
4 I don't know anything/something about it.
5 There isn't a lot of/many time, but we'll get there.
6 Luke's got something/anything to tell you.
7 There is a few/a lot of traffic in Athens.
8 Is nobody/anybody in the house?
4 Use a word from the box to complete the conversations.
something anything (x2) someone/somebody anywhere (x2) no-one/nobody anyone/anybody (x2) somewhere (x2)
| there? |
1 A 1 think I can hear
B Hello, is there___
A I can't see _____
5.1 Verb patterns ►Ex. l
Here are four verb patterns. There is a list of verb patterns on pi 58.
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1 Verb + to + infinitive They want to buy a new car. I'd like to go abroad.
2 Verb + - ing
We love going to parties. I enjoy travelling abroad.
3 Verb + -ingor + to + infinitive with no change in meaning Itstarted to rain/raining.
I continued to work/working in the library.
4 Verb + preposition + 'ing We're thinking of moving house.
I'm looking forward to having more free time.
like doing and would like to do
1 Like + doing and love + doing express a general enjoyment. / like working as a teacher. = I am a teacher and I enjoy it. / love dancing. = This is one of my hobbies.
2 Would like to do and would love to do express a preference now or at a specific time.
I'd like to be a teacher. = When I grow up, I want to be a teacher. Thanks. I'd love to dance. = At a party. I'm pleased you asked me.
3 Notice the short answers.
Would you like to dance? Yes, I'd love to./No, thanks.
5.2 Future forms ► Ex. 2
will
Form
will + infinitive without to
Will is a modal auxiliary verb. There is an introduction to modal auxiliary verbs on pi 36. The forms of will are the same for all persons.
there. |
| nice this weekend. last weekend. |
B O.K. There's obviously
2 A Let's go_____________
B Good. We didn't go_____________
3 A What's the matter?
B Oh, I'm going to a party on Saturday and I can't find
_______________ to wear!
A Don't worry. I've got_______________ you can borrow.
4 A Where did you go on holiday?
B _______________ I just stayed at home.
| Ii |
5 A What did you buy at the shops?
was too expensive.
5 Correct these sentences using a, an or the. the
1 I'm going toyshops. Would you like anything?
2 My brother's architect in big company in London.
3 Tokyo is capital city of Japan.
4 I bought pair of sunglasses on Oxford Street.
5 I live in small village in mountains in Switzerland.
6 What beautiful new coat you're wearing!
7 I'm reading interesting book at the moment.
8 The life is wonderful when the sun is shining.
Question
What time will you be back? Use
Will is used:
1 to express a future intention made at the moment of speaking. It's Jane's birthday.' 'Is it? I'll buy her some flowers*
I'll give you my phone number.
'Do you want the blue or the red pen?' 'I'll take the red one.'
2 to express an offer.
/7/ carry your suitcase. We'll do the washing-up.
Other uses of will are covered in Unit 9.
going to
Form
am/is/are + going + to + infinitive Positive and negative
| m | ||
| 'm not | ||
| He | ||
| She | s ■> | |
| It | isn t | going to leave. |
| We You They | Ve aren't |
Question
What's he going to do? When are you going to leave?
Short answer
Are they going to get married? Yes, they are./No, they aren't.
Use
Going to is used:
1 to express a future decision, intention, or plan made before the moment of speaking.
I'm going to study hard.
What are you going to do after college?
2 when we can see or feel now that something is certain to happen in the future.
Look at these clouds! It's going to rain. Watch out! That box is going to fall.
Will Or going tol ► Ex. 3-4
Compare the use of will and going to in these sentences:
I'm going to make a chicken casserole for dinner.
(I decided this morning and bought everything for it.)
What shall I cook for dinner? Er... I know! I'll make a chicken casserole!
(I decided at the moment of speaking.)
Present Continuous ►Ex. 5
The Present Continuous for the future is used:
1 to express a planned future arrangement. 'What are you doing on Saturday?' 'We're having a party. Can you come?*
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2 with the verbs go and come.
My parents are coming for dinner.
We're going to the cinema. Do you want to come?
EXERCISES ________________________
1 Complete the sentences with the infinitive or the -ing form of the verbs in brackets.
1 They want________ (go) for a walk.
2 She loves_______ (dance).
3 I'd like________ (see) you very soon.
4 We're thinking of_______ (change) our car.
5 I'm looking forward to_______ (hear) from you soon.
2 Write sentences to respond to these statements. Use will.
1 This bag's heavy.
I'll carry it for you. ____________________
2 I need a cup of coffee.
3 Do you want a cheese sandwich or a ham sandwich?
4 I haven't got your email address.
5 I'm tired and 1 haven't done the washing-up.
3 Choose the correct form.
1 /'// be/I'm going to be an astronaut when 1 grow up.
2 'The phone's ringing!' 'OK, /7/ answer/I'm answering it.'
3 I'm seeing/I'll see the dentist tomorrow at 10.00.
4 I've decided I'm going to get/Ill get a new job.
5 Helen's pregnant. She's going to have/She'll have a baby.
6 Look at the mess! /7/ help/I'm going to help you clear it up.
7 Oh dear, I think I'll sneeze/I'm going to sneeze.
8 I'm not sure which one to buy. OK, I'll take/I'm going to take the blue one.
4 Write the sentences and questions in the correct order.
1 I'm / on business / New York / going / to
_____________ ____________________________ *
2 How long / are / stay / with / to / Suzy / going / you /?
3 You / be / arc / to / going / very surprised
4 holiday / this / going / a / have / isn't / She / to / year
5 I / rain / it's / to / going / think
5 Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets and a future form.
1 I_________ (have) a party on Friday. Would you like to come?
2 I've decided that I need a new car. I (buy) a Ford
Mondeo.
3 If you have a problem, ask the teacher. She (help)
you.
4 It________ (be) a lovely day. Would you like to go to the park?
5 We_________ (go) to Scotland for our holidays this year.
Ex. 1
Look at the questions and answers. A What's your teacher like? B She's very nice - kind and patient.
A What are his parents like?
B They're strict and a bit frightening,
A What was your holiday in Turkey like? B Great, thanks. Good weather, good food.
A Wliat were the people like?
B Fabulous. Friendly and welcoming.
Note
We don't use like in the answer.
She's very nice. NOT She's like very nice.
In the question What... like?, like is a preposition. 'What's Jim like?'
'He's intelligent and kind, and he's got lovely blue eyes'
In these sentences, like is a verb:
'What does Jim like?'
'He likes motorbikes and playing tennis.'
Use
i
What... Wee?means Describe somebody or something. Tell me about them. I don't know anything about them.' What's Megan's new boyfriend like?
How's your mother? asks about health. It doesn't ask for a description.
'How's your mother?' 'She's very well, thank you.'
6.2 Comparative and superlative adjectives ► Ex. 2-4 Form
| 1 Look at the chart. | Comparative | Superlative | |
| Short adjectives | cheap | cheaper | cheapest |
| small | smaller | smallest | |
| -big | bigger | biggest | |
| Adjectives that | funny | funnier | funniest |
| end in -y | early | earlier | earliest |
| heavy | heavier | heaviest | |
| Adjectives with | careful | more careful | most careful |
| two syllables or | boring | more boring | most boring |
| more | expensive | more expensive | most expensive |
| interesting | more interesting | most interesting | |
| Irregular | far | further | furthest |
| adjectives | good | better | best |
| bad | worse | worst |
For short adjectives with one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant: hot/hotter/hottest; fat/fatter/fattest.
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Than is often used after a comparative adjective.
I'm younger than Barbara.
Barbara's more intelligent than Sarah.
Much can come before the comparative to give emphasis.
She's much nicer than her sister.
is Tokyo much more modern than London?
The is used before superlative adjectives.
He's the funniest boy in the class.
Which is the tallest building in the world?
Use
Comparatives compare one thing, person, or action with another. She's taller than me. London's more expensive than Rome.
Superlatives compare somebody or something with the whole group.
She's the tallest in the class.
It's the most expensive hotel in the world.
As... as shows that something is the same or equal.
Jim's as tall as Peter.
I'm as worried as you are.
Not as/so...as shows that something isn't the same or equal.
She isn't as tall as her mother.
My car wasn't so expensive as yours.
EXERCISES
| 1 What's Phil like? 2 What does Phil like? 3 How's Phil? |
1 Match the questions and answers.
a Very well, thanks.
b Oh, the usual things - good
food and nice people, c He's tall, funny and very kind.
2 Write the comparative and superlative of each adjective.
1 easy easier easiest__
2 expensive ________ _________
3 far ________ _________
4 sad ________ _________
5 interesting ________ _________
6 big --------------- ----------------
7 good ________ _________
8 funny ________ _________
3 Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets.
1 This restaurant is_____________ (cheap) than the other one
in this street. The food is really good. I think it's the
_____________ (delicious) food in town.
2 Who is the_____________ (popular) actor in your country?
3 Michael is a good player, but John is a____________ (good)
| (talented) |
| (quick) way to get to _________ (generous) |
player than him. But Peter is the _ player in the team.
4 Could you tell me the_________
London from here?
| 6 I've never been |
5 Eva is generous, but Laura is even than her.
(happy). This is the
(happy) day of my life.
4 Complete the sentences. Use as... as and a word from the box.
| ________ a lion. yesterday. ___ 1 expected. I can. |
long difficult exciting much fast hot quiet high spicy
| I expected. |
| _ the Himalayas, yours. ___________ it was! |
1 I don't think a hippopotamus can run
2 Today is warm, but it's not________
3 I'm early. The journey didn't take___
4 The children are asleep, so I'll be___
5 I got an A. The exam wasn't__
6 The Alps aren't___________
7 My curry isn't____________
8 I didn't expect the film to be
UNIT7
7.2 Present Perfect and Past Simple ►Ex. 4-5
1 Compare the Past Simple and Present Perfect.
| Ex. 1-3 |
7.1 Present Perfect Form
have/has + -ed (past participle)
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| Positive and negative |
The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. There arc many common irregular past participles. See the list on pi58.
Past Simple
1 The Past Simple refers to an action that happened at a definite time in the past.
He died in 1882.
She got married when she was 22.
The action is finished.
/ lived in Paris for a year (but not now).
2 Time expressions in 1999. last week.
I did it two months ago. on March 22. for two years.
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| Question |
| Have you been to Egypt? |
| Use i |
Yes, I have./No, I haven't.
The Present Perfect looks back from the present into the past, and expresses what has happened before now. The action happened at an indefinite time in the past. I've met a lot of famous people, (before now) She has won awards, (in her life) She's written twenty books, (up to now)
The action can continue to the present, and probably into the future.
She's lived here for twenty years, (she still lives here)
The Present Perfect expresses an experience as part of someone's life. I've travelled a lot in Africa. They've lived all over the world.
Ever and never are common with this use. Have you ever been in a car crash? My mother has never flown in a plane.
The Present Perfect expresses an action or state which began in the
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past and continues to the present.
I've known Alice for six years.
How long have you worked as a teacher?
The time expressions for and since are common with this use. We use for with a period of time, and since with a point in time. We've lived here for two years, (a period of time) I've had a tattoo since I was a teenager, (a point in time)
fNfOte
In many languages, this use is expressed by a present tense. But in English, we say:
Peter has been a teacher for ten years. NOT Peter is a teacher for ten years.
The Present Perfect expresses a past action with results in the
present. It is often a recent past action.
I've lost my wallet. (I haven't got it now.)
The taxi's arrived. (It's outside the door now.)
Has the postman been? (Are there any letters for me?)
The adverbs just, already, and yet are common with this use.
Yet is used in questions and negatives.
She's just had some good news.
I've already had breakfast.
Has the postman been yet?
It's 11.00 and she hasn't got upyet.
Present Perfect
1 The Present Perfect refers to an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past.
She has written short stories. He's made five albums. I've never been to America.
The action can continue to the present.
She's lived therefor twenty years (and she still does.)
2 Time expressions
| I've worked here |
for twenty years, since 2002. since I left school. We've never been to America.
2 Compare the right and wrong sentences. / broke my leg last year. NOT I've broken my leg last year.
He has worked as a musician all his life. NOT He works as a musician all his life.
When did you go to Greece?
NOT When have you been to Greece?
How long have you had your car? NOT How long do you have your car?
EXERCISES
I Make sentences in the Present Perfect.
1 You / do / homework?
Have you done your homework?
2 You / see / Sarah?
3 You / make / decision / yet?
4 How long / know / Jamie?
5 She / be / Sweden / twice.
6 Their plane / just / land.
7 Where / you / be?
8 What / do / your hair?
2 Write Present Perfect questions for these answers.
1 ______________________________________________________?
No, I've never been to Brazil. But I'd like to go.
2 ________________________________________________?
Yes, I saw an elephant when I was on holiday in Thailand.
3 ________________________________________________?
No, but I'd love to win some money one day!
3 Use the Present Perfect and the words in brackets to describe these situations.
1 He's carrying a suitcase. (He / be / on / holiday)
He's been on holiday. _____________________________
2 His plate is empty. (He / eat / everything)
3 She can't find her bag. (She / lose / bag)
4 Her leg is in plaster. (She / broke / leg)
5 The final score is 3-1 to our team. (Our / team / win / match)
6 1 haven't got any more money. (I / spend / all / my / money)
4 Find and correct a mistake in each sentence.
1 I am here since last week.
2 Kevin had his new job for nine months. He loves it.
3 I lived here for ten years but I'm going to move soon.
4 Bridgit knows Philip for a year and a half.
5 We have been to China in 2005.
6 How long do you have your dog?
7 They have known each other since three days.
8 She's had a sore throat for this morning.
9 Jane was a vet for thirty years and she still enjoys it. 10 How long do you live in this city?
5 Choose the best answer.
1 Did you ever hear/Have you ever heard of an actor called Sylvia Halliwell?
2 / never went/I've never been to Zimbabwe.
3 He never met/He's never met his father. He died before he was born.
4 Did you talk/Have you talked to Maggie yesterday?
5 I've never heard/I never heard this music before.
6 Have you seen/Did you see the news last night?
7 / never won/Vve never won a competition in my life.
8 Did you ever dream/Have you ever dreamt that you
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UNIT8
8.1 have to ► Ex. l Form
has/have + t o + infinitive
Positive and negative
| I Wc/You/They | have don't have | to | work hard. |
| He/She/It | has doesn't have |
Question
Do you have to work hard? Does he have to get up early?
Short answer
Do you have to wear a uniform? Yes, I do./No, I don't. Note
The past tense of have to is had to, with did and didn't in the question
and the negative.
/ had to get up early this morning.
Why did you have to work last weekend?
They liked the hotel because they didn't have to do any cooking.
Use
1 Have to expresses strong obligation. The obligation comes from 'outside' - perhaps a law, a rule at school or work, or someone in authority.
You have to have a driving licence if you want to drive a car. (That's the law.)
/ have to start work at 8.00. (My company says I must.) The doctor says I have to do more exercise.
2 Don't/doesn't have to expresses absence of obligation (it isn't necessary). You don't have to do the washing-up. I've got a dishwasher.
She doesn't have to work on Monday. It's her day off.
Note
Have got to expresses an obligation on one particular occasion. I'm going to bed. I've got to get up early tomorrow. She's got to work hard. Her exams start next week.
To express obligation as a habit, we use have to, not have got to. I have to write two essays a week. Do you have to wear a uniform?
8.2 Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs ► Ex. 2-4
These arc modal auxiliary verbs, can could must shall should will would
1 They go with another verb and add meaning. She can drive.
I must get my hair cut.
2 There is no -5 in the third person singular: He can dance very well.
It will rain tomorrow.
3 There is no do/does in the question. Can she sing?
Shall we go?
4 There is no don't/doesn't in the negative. / won't have a cup of tea, thank you.
I can't speak French.
5 Most modal verbs refer to the present and future. Only can has a past tense form, could.
I could swim when I was three.
8.3 should ► Ex. 3-4 Form
should + infinitive
| do more exercise, tell lies. |
| should should n't |
The forms of should are the same for all persons. Positive and negative
I
He/She We/You/They
Question
Should I see a doctor?
Do you think I should see a doctor?
Use
1 Should is used to express what the speaker thinks is right or the best thing to do. It expresses mild obligation, or advice.
/ should do more work. (This is my opinion.)
You should do more work. (I'm telling you what I think.)
Do you think we should stop? (I'm asking for your opinion.)
2 Shouldn't expresses negative advice.
You shouldn't sit so close to the TV It's bad for your eyes.
3 Should expresses the opinion of the speaker, and it is often introduced by / think or / don't think.
I think politicians should listen more.
I don't think people should get married until they're 21.
8.4 must Form
must + infinitive
| must mustn't |
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The forms of must are the same for all persons. Positive and negative
I
He/She We/You/They
Question
Questions with must are possible, but have to is more common. What time do I have to start?
Use
Must expresses strong obligation. Generally, this obligation comes from 'inside' the speaker.
/ must get my hair cut. (I think this is necessary.)
Because must expresses the authority of the speaker, you should
be careful of using You must....It sounds bossy!
You must help me. (I am giving you an order.)
Could you help me? is much better.
You must... can express a strong suggestion.
You must see the Monet exhibition. It's wonderful.
You must give me a call when you're next in town.
EXERCISES
I Rewrite the sentences. Use a form of have to.
| a uniform. |
1 It's necessary for the children to wear a uniform.
The children
2 I can stay in bed until late tomorrow.
I_____________ get up early tomorrow.
3 Why was it necessary for you to go to the office? Why the office?
4 Must you leave so soon? so soon?
5 I needed to make a phone call. I a phone call.
6 It wasn't necessary for us to work on Sunday. We on Sunday.
2 Correct the sentences.
1 Do you can drive a car?
2 I'm afraid we must to go now.
3 She cans sing very well.
4 She musts go to the dentist this afternoon.
5 You don't should drink and drive.
6 It won't raining tomorrow.
7 Could you to help me?
8 I don't would like to be a policeman.
3 Rewrite the sentences using a modal verb from the box.
can can't could must mustn't 'II should shouldn't
1 I'd like the salt, please. you pass me the salt, please?
2 I don't think it's a good idea for you to stay. You stay.
3 It is certain to rain this afternoon. It rain this afternoon.
4 Do you know how to drive? you drive?
5 Do not leave luggage here. It isn't allowed. You leave luggage here.
6 It's very important that you stop smoking. You stop smoking.
7 Janet doesn't know how to play an instrument. Janet play an instrument.
8 I think it would be a good idea to apologize. You apologize.
4 Choose the correct option.
1 You should / have to show your passport at the airport.
2 / don't think you should I You mustn't read that book. It isn't very good.
3 If you want to lean English, you must I should get an English pen friend.
4 I think we should / must take some flowers when we go to Sue's for dinner.
5 We mustn't / don't have to forget Robert's birthday tomorrow.
6 I must I should pay my taxes soon. I don't want to go to prison.
7 She's very rich, so she doesn't have to / mustn't work.
8 You mustn't /shouldn't smoke in here. It isn't allowed.
| i |
UNIT9
EXERCISES
| NOT |
| 9.1 Time clauses ►Ex. 1-2 |
| Look at this sentence. Vll give her a call when I get home. It consists of two clauses: a main clause /7/ give her a call, and a secondary clause when I get home. These conjunctions of time introduce secondary clauses. |
| when while as soon as after before until |
| They refer to future time, but we use a present tense. |
9.2 will
Form
For the forms of will, sec pi32. Use
1 Will expresses a decision or intention made at the moment of speaking.
Give me your case. Vll carry it for you.
2 It also expresses a future fact. The speaker thinks 'This action is sure to happen in the future'.
Manchester will win the cup.
Tomorrow's weather will be warm and sunny.
This use is like a neutral future tense. The speaker is predicting the
future, without expressing an intention, plan, or personal
judgement.
9.3 First conditional ► Ex. 3-4
Form
// + Present Simple, will + infinitive without to
Positive and negative
// / work hard, Vll (will) pass my exams. If we don't hurry up, we'll (will) be late.
Question
What will you do if you don't go to university? Note
1 We do not usually use will in the condition (if) clause. // it rains... NOT If it will rain...
2 The condition clause if... can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end.
Iffavork hard, Vll pass my exams. I'll pass my exams if I work hard.
Use
The first conditional is used to express a possible condition and a probable result in the future. English uses a present tense in the condition (if) clause, but a future form in the result clause. // my cheque comes, Vll buy us all a meal. You'll get wet if you don't take an umbrella.
Note
| happen; when expresses |
//expresses a possibility that something wil what the speaker sees as certain to happen. /// find your book, I'll send it to you. When I get home, Vll have a bath.
Choose the correct sentence in each pair.
1 A 1*11 get a newspaper when I go to the shops.
B I get a newspaper when I will go to the shops.
2 A She's going to wait until he'll come. B She's going to wait until he comes.
3 A As soon as you turn left, you'll see the church. B As soon as you'll turn left, you'll see the church.
4 A Pietro's going to meet us before he sees Janet. B Pietro's going to meet us before he'll see Janet.
Choose the correct answer. Sometimes two answers are possible.
1 We were really surprised_____ he arrived unexpectedly.
a) if b) when c) as soon as
2 Vm really hungry! Let's go for dinner_____ the film finishes.
a) before b) as soon as c) when
3 Wait______ you've had lunch!
a) until b) after c) when
4 I'm very busy, but I'll go shopping_____ I have time.
a) until b) when c) if
5 I'll have a shower_____ I go to bed.
a) before b) after c) while
6 Oh no! I forgot to feed the cat! I'll do it______ we get home.
a) after b) as soon as c) when
7 We'll go skiing this weekend_____ it snows enough this week.
a) when b) after c) if
| our new house is built. |
| c) before |
8 We're staying in a guesthouse
a) until b) when
| (go) to the beach. _ (do) if you fail the exam? |
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1 If it's sunny, we___
2 What______ you__
3 If we________ (not/leave) soon, we'll be late.
4 You________ (get) wet if you go out. It's raining!
5 If Sonya_______ (lie) to me once more, I'll be furious!
4 Complete the first conditional questions.
1 Perhaps it'll rain.
What W'"V0U <*o _______ if it rains?
2 It's possible David will lose his job.
What_____________________ if he loses his job?
| _____ any tickets? if she misses her flight? |
3 It's possible there won't be any tickets.
What will I do if__
4 Perhaps Alice will miss her flight. What
5 It's possible that your taxi will be late.
What_____________________ if the taxi is late?
| to your email? |
6 Perhaps Alan won't reply to your email.
What will you do if_______
|
10.1 The passive ► Ex. 1-4 Form
| am/is/are | |
| was/were has/have been | + -eel (past participle) |
| will |
The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many common irregular past participles. Sec the list on pi58.
Present
English is spoken all over the world. Nikon cameras are made in Japan. Coffee isn't grown in England. Are cars made in your country?
Past
My car was stolen last night.
The animals were frightened by a loud noise.
He wasn't injured in the accident.
How was the window broken?
Present Perfect I've been robbed!
X-ray machines have been used for many things. They haven't been invited to the party. Has my car been repaired?
will
10,000 cars will be produced next year.
The cars won't be sold in the UK.
Will the children be sent to a new school?
3 The passive is not just another way of expressing the same sentence in the active. We choose the active or the passive depending on what we are more interested in.
Hamlet was written in ¡600. (We are more interested in Hamlet.) Shakespeare wrote comedies, histories, and tragedies. (We are more interested in Shakespeare.)
Note
1 The subject of an active sentence is not mentioned in the passive sentence if it is not really important.
Active They built this house in 1937. Passive This house was built in 1937.
NOT This house was built in 1937 by them.
Active People speak German in parts of Italy. Passive German is spoken in parts of Italy.
NOT German is spoken in parts of Italy by people.
2 Some verbs, for example, give, send, show, have two objects, a person and a thing.
She gave me a book for my birthday.
In the passive, we often make the person the subject, not the thing. / was given a book for my birthday. She was sent the information by post. You'll be shown where to sit.
| Short answer Yes, they are./No, they aren't. Yes, it has/No, it hasn't. |
Are cars made in your country? Has my car been repaired?
Note
The passive infinitive {to be + -ed) is used after modal auxiliary verbs and other verbs which arc followed by an infinitive. Driving should be banned in city centres. The house is going to be knocked down.
| Use l |
The rules for tense usage in the passive are the same as in the active. Present Simple expresses habit: My car is serviced regularly.
Past Simple expresses a finished action in the past: America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.
Present Perfect expresses an action which began in the past and
continues to the present:
Diet Coke has been made since 1982.
The object of an active verb becomes the subject of a passive verb. Notice the use of by in the passive sentence.
Obj
ect
Active
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet
Passive \Hamlet\ was written by Shakespeare.
Subject
|
EXERCISES
UNIT11
| since March. |
| by William Shakespeare. |
| Question The inverted question Might you...?is unusual. It is more common to ask a question with Do you think... + will...? |
1 Rewrite the active sentences in the passive.
1 Someone sells tickets at the box office.
2 People built Stonehenge thousands of years ago.
3 Someone has serviced my car.
4 They opened three new hospitals last year.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in the box.
discover make invent build paint write give steal invite employ
from a bank in Oslo
1 Around £50,000 last night.
2 The first train _
by George Stevenson in
the mid 19th century.
| by Wilhelm |
3 In China, red envelopes full of money to children at New Year.
4 X-rays______ accidentally________
Konrad Roentgen in 1896.
5 Hundreds of new homes__________
| to Helen's wedding? in the |
6 Next year 3 million mobile phones in Finland.
7 Do you think we______________
8 Many people in Scotland whisky industry.
9 Romeo and Juliet_________
10 La Giocanda______________
by Picasso.
3 Rewrite these sentences using a form of the passive.
1 People will eat six million hamburgers this year.
Six Million hamburgers will be eaten this year.
2 They cancelled the football match because of heavy rain.
3 A man told us not to walk on the grass.
4 How do people use chopsticks?
5 Someone cleans the kitchen every morning.
6 The police arrested the escaped prisoner late last night.
7 How did scientists discover DNA?
*
4 Find and correct two sentences that are wrong.
1 The money was stole from the shop.
2 Dinner is usually served at 6 o'clock.
3 A new bridge will be built next year.
4 Spanish spoken in Latin America.
5 These cars are made in Germany.
| Ex. 1-2 |
11.1 Second conditional Form
//+ Past Simple, would + infinitive Would is a modal auxiliary verb (sec pi36). The forms of would arc the same for all persons.
Positive and negative
// / had more money, I'd (would) buy a CD player. If she knew the answer, she'd (would) tell us. If we didn't have to, we wouldn't work so hard.
Question
What would you do if you had a year off?
Short answer
Would you travel round the world? Yes, I would./No, I wouldn't. Note
1 The condition clause can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence.
// / had more time, I'd help. I'd help if I had more time.
2 Were can be used instead of was in the condition clause. /// were you, I'd go to bed.
If he were here, he'd know what to do.
Use
The second conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable condition and its result. The past forms are used to show this is different from reality.
The condition is unreal because it is different from the facts that we know. We can always say 'But... '.
// / were Prime Minister, I'd increase tax for rich people. (But I'm not Prime Minister.)
//they lived in a big house, they'd have a party. (But they live in a small house.)
What would you do if you saw a ghost? (But 1 don't think that you will
see a ghost.)
11.2 might ► Ex.3 Form
might + infinitive
Might is a modal auxiliary verb (sec p 136). The forms of might are the same for all persons.
|
| go to the party, be late. rain tomorrow. go out for a meal tonight. |
| Do you think |
| you'll get here on time? it'll rain? they'll come to our party? |
| Short answer He might. It might. |
| Do you think he'll come? Do you think it'll rain? |
Positive and negative
| Use l |
Might is used to express a future possibility. It contrasts with will, which, in the speaker's opinion, expresses a future certainty. England will win the match. (I am sure they will.) England might win the match. (It's possible, but I don't know.)
Notice that, in the negative, these sentences express the same idea ol' possibility.
it might not rain this afternoon, i don't think it'll rain this afternoon.
11.3 so, such (a), so many, so much ► Ex. 4 Form
so + adjective / adverb
/ was so scared!
He always drives so fast.
such a + adjective + singular noun She's such a nice person.
such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun
The Smiths are such friendly neighbours.
so many + plural nouns
.Some children have so many toys!
so much + uncountable nouns
Footballers earn so much money these days.
Use
So and such are used more in spoken than written English. They are used for emphasizing an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. They are often written with an exclamation mark (!).
He works so hard! is stronger than Fie works very hard.
EXERCISES
1 Choose the correct answer.
1 If we didnt/don't have to work, we'd travel round the world.
2 If you took/take more exercise, you'd be fitter.
3 I'd help/I'll help you if I had more time.
4 If I am/were you, I'd forget all about it.
5 If I win/won the lottery, I'd give all the money to charity.
2 Match the two halves of each sentence.
1 He'd move to Spain
2 If she got the job,
3 If the weather was nicer,
4 I'd drive to work
5 I'd take an aspirin,
a she'd be very happy.
b if I were you.
c if I had a car.
d we'd have a barbecue.
e if he spoke Spanish.
3 Complete the conversations with might/might not or will/won't.
1 A Are you going to watch the football tonight?
B Yes I am. Who do you think___________ win?
A Well, I'm not sure. Barcelona are the better team, but Porto
are playing well at the moment, so they win tonight.
B If no one wins, they__________ have to play again next week.
| just |
2 A Are you going to Mark's party this Saturday?
B I'm not sure. I'm tired, so I___________ go. I______
| be fun. |
watch a DVD and relax instead.
A Oh, go on, I_________ go if you go. It_____
B OK then, I_________ pick you up at 8.00.
3 A Hi Nora. I'm sorry, but we
be able to get to the
cinema by 6.45. Our car has broken down.
B That's OK. Do you think you___________________ be able to get here
by 9.00? There's another showing of the film then.
A Well, Max thinks he___________________ be able to fix it. If not, we
_______ get the bus. See you there at 9.00.
4 Complete the sentences with so, such, so much or so many.
1 It was________ a nice day that we decided to have a picnic.
2 That book was interesting I couldn't put it down.
3
| 3 I've got |
| work to do. I won't finish it by this evening, hard all week. You deserve a break. |
4 It was________ a great party that no one wanted to leave!
5 There were_________ people in town it took ages to do the
| smart. |
shopping.
7 That's
a fantastic dress. You look
8 I'm looking forward to my holiday___________.
9 Some people have_________ money they don't know what to
do with it!
10 That film was_________ bad! I've never seen__________ an
awful film.
|
EXERCISES
12.1 Present Perfect Continuous ► Ex. 1-4 Form
has/have + been + -ing (present participle) Positive and negative
| We You They | 've (have) haven't | been working. |
| He She It | 's (has) hasn't |
Choose the best answer.
| So, what have you done/been doing recently? Anything fun? My friend has been buying/bought a new computer. Have you swum/been swimming? Your hair looks wet. Great news! Joanna has been having/had a baby boy! I've never believed/been believing in horoscopes. |
1 At last! I've understood/been understanding the question.
2 The athletes are tired. They've trained/been training all day.
3 4 5 6 7
8 Oh, there you are! I've looked/been looking for you everywhere!
2 Make sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous.
1 A You're a really good singer! B I / practise / a lot / recently
Question
How long have you been working? How long has he been learning English?
Short answer
Have you been running? Yes, I have./No, I haven't
Use
The Present Perfect Continuous is used:
1 to express an activity which began in the past and continues to the present.
We've been waiting here for hours! It's been raining for days.
2 to refer to an activity with a result in the present. I'm hot because I've been running.
I haven't got any money because I've been shopping. Note
1 Sometimes there is little or no difference in meaning between the Present Perfect Simple and Continuous.
How long have you worked here? How long have you been working here?
2 Some verbs have the idea of a long time - wait, work, learn, live, play. They arc more often found in the Present Perfect Continuous. I've been playing tennis since I was a boy.
Some verbs have the idea of a short time - find, start, buy, die, lose,
break, stop. It is unusual to find them in the Present Perfect
Continuous.
I've bought a new dress.
My cat has died.
My radio's broken.
3 Verbs that express a state - like, love, know, have (for possession) -are not found in the Present Perfect Continuous.
We've known each other for a few weeks.
NOT We've been knowing each other for a few weeks.
4 The*Present Perfect Simple looks at the completed action. This is why the Present Perfect Simple is used if the sentence gives a number or a quantity.
I've written three letters today.
NOT I've been writing three letters today.
2 A You look really tired.
B We / work / hard / this week.
3 A Your English is good!
B Thanks. I / learn it / eight years.
4 A Have I got blue paint in my hair? B Yes. What / you / paint?
5 A You both look really brown! B We / sunbathe / at / beach.
| 1 A What(l) B 1(2)____ (3)_____ |
3 Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous form of the verb in backets.
(do) to your arm?
_ (play) tennis a lot this week, and I (hurt) my elbow.
A Your house looks fantastic! You (1)
(decorate) it beautifully.
B Yes, but it's hard work. I (2)_____
(paint)
the bedroom all afternoon and I (3)________________
(only paint) three walls.
A Never mind. It will look great when you
(4)__________________ (finish) it.
| What (2) B K3)_____ |
3 A Hi Jack. 1(1)_________________ (not / see) you for ages.
___ (you /do) recently?
| (you / be)? |
(travel).
| B 1(5) (6)_ |
A That's fantastic! Where (4)
(be) to Asia. Have
_____________ (you / ever / go) there?
A No, I haven't, but I (7)________________ (want) to go for
| (have) a good day? _ (shop). But I |
a long time.
| B Yes. I (2) (3)_______ |
A Hi. (1)________________
| A Show me what you (4) B Well, I'm afraid I (5) _ |
| (not buy) _ (try) to find |
(spend) a lot of money!
_______________ (buy).
anything for you! I (6)________________
you a birthday present for ages, but I
(7)________________ (find) anything yet.
PairworkactivitiesStudentA
|
|
UNIT 1 p8
UNIT 3 P25
PRACTICE
Exchanging information
Ask and answer questions to complete the information about Mary Steiner.
PRACTICE
Exchanging information
Ask and answer questions to complete the information about Hugo Fenton-Jones.
|
►r Mary Steiner lives in... (Where?). She's married and has twin sons. Her husband's name is... (What... name?) and he's a surgeon. They met... (When?). Both her sons went to Harvard University and studied... (What?), and now they both work for Miramax film studios in California.
Mary started working as a radio agony aunt... (When?), and does five programmes a week. Every day more than 60,000 people try to phone her. They have... problems - all sorts! (What sort?) The programme lasts an hour, and at the end Mary feels... (How?).
At the moment she's writing a book about marriage, because... (Why... a book about marriage?). Her own parents divorced when she was five.
She's going to retire... (When?). She wants to spend more time travelling.
| mm m m m / BIG SPENDER: Hugo Fenton-Jones ' |
Teenager goes on spending spree with father's credit card
Teenager Hugo Fenton-Jones stole... (What?) while his father was working in the garden. He then went to... (Where?) and stayed in the Ritz Hotel. His room was £... a night (How much?). While he was shopping in the Champs-Elysees, he bought... (What?).
He phoned two English friends because he wanted them to come to Paris. They were eating breakfast... (Where?) when Hugo's father, James, phoned. His credit card company wanted to know why he was spending so much money. They thought James was staying in the Ritz.
Hugo went... (Where?), where his father was waiting for him. 'He isn't speaking to me at the moment,' said Hugo yesterday. 'He's a bit angry with me.'
--
UNIT 2 pl6
PRACTICE
Exchanging information
| Name and age | Chantai, 35 | Mario and Rita, 69 |
| Town and country | Siena. Italy | |
| Family | 1 married daughter, 1 grandson | |
| Occupation | retired bank manager, housewife | |
| Free time/holiday | opera, visit their daughter in the USA | |
| Present activity | preparing to go to the USA |
: 2015-10-01; !; : 2301 | : :  | 1450 -  |
: 0.917 .