ever-more- complex environment
to achieve certain goals
encompasses
in designing and constructing
draw on () -;
behavioral sciences
in handling people
subjective judgment
skill ,
stagnancy ,
inability to pass on learning
business executive
forecasting
commanding
co-ordinating ,
in charge of running a business ;
Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into large factories, management has become required. Only during the last hundred years, however, industrial management has grown into a highly organized set of modern methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new institution in human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of business and of national economies.
Management is the art and science of making appropriate choices. To one degree or another, we are all involved in managing and are constantly making decisions concerning how to spend or use our resources.
Like most things in our modern, changing world, the function of management is becoming more complex. Modern management must possess the ability to interact in an ever-more- complex environment and to make decisions that will allocate scarce recourses effectively. A major part of the managers job is to predict what the environment needs and what changes will occur in the future.
Organizations exist to combine human efforts in order to achieve certain goals. Management is the process by which these human efforts are combined with each other and with material resources. Management encompasses both science and art. In designing and constructing plansand products, management must draw on technology and physical science, of course, and, the behavioral sciences also can contribute to management. However, much you hear about scientific management or management science, in handling people and managing organizations it is necessary to draw on intuition and subjective judgment. The science portion of management is expanding, more and more decisions can be analyzed and programmed, particularly, with mathematics. But although the artistic side of management may be declining in its proportion of the whole process it will remain central portion of your future jobs. In short:
- Knowledge (science) without skill (art) is useless, or dangerous;
- Skill (art) without knowledge (science) means stagnancy and inability to pass on learning.
Like the physician, the manager is a practitioner. As the doctor draws on basic sciences of chemistry, biology, and psychology, the business executive draws on the science of mathematics, psychology and sociology.
As a process management involves forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, co-ordinating and controlling. On the other hand, management is a group of people in charge of running a business.
