1. The first house of the ancient people had been built with only one purpose - to give them shelter.
2. A man who designs buildings and superintends their construction is called an architect.
3. Our builders are using new technologies of construction nowadays.
II. Copy the sentences and translate them
1. Architecture is the art and the science of building.
2. Having dried the bricks in the sun, the ancient Egyptians built simple houses.
3. They have not used facing materials.
III. Copy the sentences using proper voice and tense-forms of the verbs given in brackets. Translate the sentences
1. He couldn't understand why more and more people (to move) to urban places from rural parts of the country.
2. We were told that Cathedral (to build) a century ago.
3. The builders (hoped) that their creation would be admired by everyone in the town.
IV. Copy and translate the complex sentences with asyndetical subordinate clauses
1. Stone, marble, and granite were the main building materials people have used since the earliest times.
2. The builders informed the students they would reconstruct their hostel in July.
3. The house I live in has all modern conveniences.
V. Copy the sentences. Underline infinitives, Participles (I or II), Gerunds and define their functions. Translate the sentences
1. Availability, cost and physical properties are to be considered when selecting materials for construction.
2. To know the principal features of building materials is very important for any building engineer.
3. Architects can use now a greater variety of facing materials, such as glass plate, ceramics, plastics, etc.
VI. Read and copy the text, given below. Translate it in a written form
Notes:
compressive strength -
grind (ground, ground)
high alumina cement -
puzzolana - ()
retaining wall -
Cement
1. The requirements to be fulfilled by concrete vary to a great extent. One of the essential properties of concrete is its compressive strength. From the time of its first production more than a century ago there was a steady and gradual improvement in the compressive strength of Portland cement until the beginning of the war.
2. Portland cement is a product obtained by mixing and then burning two raw materials, the one composed largely of lime and the other of material containing silica, alumina and iron. The two raw materials are ground and mixed to give definite proportions of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. The finished product should receive no addition other than gypsum. Portland cement can to some extent be modified to suit a particular application. It has led to the development of an increasing variety such as high alumina cement and puzzolanas.
3. With the cements now available much higher strengths can be obtained than some 60 years ago. The increase in strength is partly due to the increased fineness to which modern cements are ground. Cement develops heat during hydration. This is of considerable importance in certain types of concrete construction, particularly in structures of large volume, such as dams, massive retaining walls and the like. A very high rate of heat development is advantageous in work done in cold weather, so as to protect the fresh concrete from the effect of low temperatures.
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4. Selection of the cement alone does not ensure concrete with the properties desired, which depend also on the choice of aggregates and mixes, the control of the quantity of water added to the mix, and on a series of other factors. It should be noted that cement is the most important component of concrete.
VII. Read the statements. Mark with the letter "T" if the statement is true and with "F" if the statement is false
1. Since its invention time Portland cement had been evolving the compressive strength until the beginning of the war.
2. High alumina cement and puzzolanas aren't the modifications of Portland cement which have some particular qualities.
3. Modern cements can be ground now perfectly well which results partly in the increase in their strength.
4. If you want to prepare a high-quality concrete, choose the best cement you have. Don't bother about any aggregates and mixes and some other factors.
