, . - (Carl Rogers, 1958) , , , , , . . , (John Powell, 1989), , - , , . (Groucho Marx, 1960) - : , .
: ?
, . , , : , : - . .
, , , , (Whitley & Frieze, 1985). , , , , , , , . . (Grove & others, 1991; Lalonde, 1992; Mullen & Riordan, 1988). -, - ? : ; , ; (Toronto News, 1977).
(Michael Ross, Fiore Sicoly, 1979) . , , , , , , . , 91 % 76 % , (Burros, 1988). , , , , , , , : , (Fiebert, 1990).
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. . , : , 75 % . , , , . , , . , (Gray & Silver, 1990) , (Imai, 1994; Rice, 1985). ( , , - , , , . .) , , (Diekmann & others, 1997).
. , , . , (Arkin & others, 1979; Davis & Stephan, 1980; Gilmar & Reid, 1979; Griffin & others, 1983). , , , .
, . , . , , (Arkin & others., 1980; Davis, 1979). -, : . , .
?
. - (VI . . .), , , , . , , , . , , (Alicke & others, 1995). :
- , , , , (Baumhart, 1968; Brenner & Molander, 1977). : 1 100 (100 )? 90 ; 11 % 74 (Lovett, 1997).
- 90 % , , , (French, 1968). 86 % , , , 1 % (Headey & Wearing, 1987).
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- , , , , (Hoorens, 1993,1995).
- , , , (Guerin, 1994; McKenna & Myers, 1997; Svenson, 1981).
- , , , (Wylie, 1979), , (Public Opinion, 1984), , (Fields & Schuman, 1976; Lenihan, 1965; Messick & others, 1985; O'Gorman & Carry, 1976).
- , , (Lerner & others, 1991).
- - , , , , 10 (Larwood, 1978; . R. Snyder, 1978).
, (Garrison Keillor), , , . 66 % , , 12 % (Public Opinion, 1984). : : , , .
(, ) , (, ). , (Allison & others, 1989; Van Lange, 1991). , , , . ., (White & Pious, 1995). . , , (Van Lage & others, 1997).
(Dunning & others, 1989, 1991). , , , , , , , , . , , . , . 829 000 (, ), 60 % , , , 10 , 25 % , !
: , . , , . , , (Hill & others, 1989).
, (Neil Weinstein, 1981, 1982) . , , , , 40 . , (Abrams, 1991). 1989 , -, , , (Burger & Palmer, 1991).
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(Linda Perloff, 1987) , . , , . , , , , , - 50 % 137 (Baker & Emery, 1993). , , , (Burger & Burns, 1988). , , , , , , , , , , .
, (Armor & Taylor, 1998). : , . . , , , (Prohaska, 1994; Sparell & Shrauger, 1984). ( , .) . , , (Goodhart, 1986; Norem & Cantor, 1986; Showers & Ruben, 1987). : , , , , , .
: , , , . . , (Krueger & Clement, 1994; Marx & Miller, 1987; Mullen & Goethals, 1990). , , , , (Babad & others, 1992; Koestner, 1993). , , . , , : , . , , , , , , . , , , . , (Krueger, 1996).
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, , - (Dawes, 1990). , , (Goethals & others, 1991). , . , , , , ( ) ( ) , (Suls & others, 1988). , , .
. , , . , , .
, :
- , , , .
- - (, , ), (Lewicki, 1983).
- , , (Kenny & DePaulo, 1993).
- - , , (Ditto, 1994; Glick & others, 1989; Pyszczynsky & others, 1985).
- , (Shepperd, 1993). ( , , , , .)
- , , , , , (Marx & others, 1981).
- . - , . ( , ), , .