, , , , , , , ( , , ). , , , , , , . , (Cann & Garnett, 1984; Furnham & Singh, 1986; Hepburn, 1985; Liben & Signorella, 1980; Martin & Halverson, 1983 a; Mills, 1983; Ruble & Stangor, 1986; Stangor & Ruble, 1987, 1989).
, , . , , , , . -, , . -, . (Hastie, 1981) , , , , , , , . -, .
, , . , , . (perseverance effect). (Fiske & Taylor, 1984) , , , , , . , , , ? : , , , (Taylor, 1981). , (Deaux et al, 1985) , (, , , ) (, , ). (Edwards, 1992) : , , .
(Perseverance effect). , , , , . , , .
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, , , (exception to the rule cathegory). (Rothbart & Lewis, 1988; Weber & Crocker, 1983) , , , . , (Fiske & Stevens, 1993) , , , , , -, . , . (Brehm & Kassin, 1992) , . . , . , , -, , . - , , , . : ? . , . ? : , .