- , . : , , , , .
1827 . - . . .
. . (1820 - 1894) - ., 1888.
1913 . - . . , 1913.
. . . . ., 1939, . . ., 1944.
. T. , - , - ( 3 ..).
.
10 - 14 . . .
1736 . - ( . .) 1742 . ( ), . . .
1827 . - . 1835 . - . 1841 . - . 4 1842 . - . 1893 . - . . . 4 1899 . - ( ). 1 1892 . 27 1916 . - .
4 1837 . ( 1 1840 .). 1855 . - , . 1875 . - . 1879 . - . 14 1918 .
1624 . - . 1679 . - .
: 18 . .
- . . (, ). . = 1140 (750 ). 13 - 15 . 2 : -- - 500 (1080 ) - - 700 (1064 ) . 15 .: 1000 () = 2,16 .; 500 () = 1,08 . 18 . = 500 = 1,0668 .
-- (). - 151,4 . . A. : = 152,76 (142) ( ), = 176,4 ( ), () = 216 ( ), () = 248 (249,46) ( ). - = 176-184 , -- = 152 . 15 2 2,5 =180 ., 3 = 2,16 ( 1649 . ). 18 . = 7 = 213,36 .
|
|
( 15 .) - (70,9 ) ( ) = 72 . = 4 =16 . 18 . = 2 1/3 = 711,2 . 1899 . - = 28 = 0,7112 .
- (46-47 ). . . : 38 , 44 , 46 , 54 , 62 . -- = 38 . 15 . -48 . - (44,1 ) .
- . . . : - 19 ( ), - 22-23 ( ), - 27 . : - = 22-23 , -- =19 . 17 .
( 15 ) - 4,5 . 18 . - 1 % - 4,44 .
- 16 , = 3
B 1 = 750 = 2250 = 4500 .
11-13 . | 14-15 . | 16-17 . | 18 . | 19 . | ||
- | - | - | - | 7 ., 7, 468 | ||
() | 750 , -1140 . | 500 . 1000 . | 1000 , 2,16 .; 500 , 1,08 . | 500 . 1500 . 3500 . 1066,8 . | 1000 . 18 . | |
() | 3 ., -152 . | 180 216 | 3 ., 216 . | 7 . (.); 213,36 . | 180 2,5 . | |
() | 4 ., 72 . | 28 . (16 ), 71, 12 | ||||
() | 2 ., ~51 | 51 . | 10 2/3 ., 48 . | 2 . | ||
() | 4 ., 18 . | 4 ., 17,77 | 16-17 . | |||
() | 18-19 . | - | - | |||
() | - | - | 12 ., 30,48 . | |||
() | - | 4,5 . | 1 3/4 ., 4,44 . | |||
() | 2,54 . | 10 100 | ||||
2,54 | ||||||
0,254 |
: (25-40 ) (50-70 ) , (60-70 ), (40-60 ).
: . = 2 =16 . = 5-8 . 18 . .
- 3 . 500,- 1200 . 17 . - 800 .
- 12 - 16 . .
:
: - 1 1 () = 5 + , , ( 9 ). = = 2 .
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|
- , ( 13 .). 17 . - 0,56 . = 2 = 4 =16 .
= 0,07 . = 87,5 ..
0,1 .
- , .. 50 ( ) ( 13 .) = 2500 . . 2 . 1649 . = 2400 1,12 . 1902 . = 1,09254 .
15 . () , , . 1556 .: , 500 , . 17 . : 1) 80 40 (!), 2) 80 30 () = 1 + 1197,44 . . = 3025 . (55x55).
1902 . - = 1,13806 . ., = 0,505805 . ., 1 = 0,0929030 . .
1916 . - : , , , , , .
- . | 11-13 . | 14 . | 15 . | 16 . | 17 . | 18 . | 19 . | . | |
- | - | ? | 500x500 . 100 , 1,16 .. | 10001000 . 417 , 4,664 .. | 500500. 1,138 .. 10001000 . 4,552 .. | 1 . | |||
() | 1 3 3 | 500-1200 . | 800 . | - | 15 . | ||||
() | - | 50x50 , 1,166 (?) | + 2. | 80x30 , 1,12 | 2400 .. (3200..) 1,092 (1,457 ) | 14 . | |||
() | , | ~ 0,58 | ~ 0, 56 | - | - | ||||
, 1 | 0,1 , ~ 1120 .. | - | - | ||||||
: 18 . .
:
= 14 = 229,32 . ( 16 .)
, - . = 25 (?).
1 = 2 = 4 = 8 .
: (7 .) = 4 () =16 . . =1,5 .
=12 . (18 )
- 16 . - 4 , 17 . - 6 , 1679 . - , 18 . 8 . (1835 .) 19 . = 209,9099 .
(1835 .)
= 4 .
= 2 .
- 288 (8x6x6) (1835 .) 1902 . = 26,2387 . = 1 .
(1835 .) = 3,2798 . = 1/8 .
1835, 99 .: = 2 = 8 = 64 (8 ).
:
= 40 .
- 10 , ( 40 ) = 491,97636 .
= 2,5 . =?
= 9,8 . 17 . 12 . 70- . 17 . = 10 = 144 (9x4x4). (1835 .) 1899 . - 30 . 1902 . = 12,299 .
(1835 .)
= 12,28 .
= 1,2299 .
18 . = 3/40 , 0,6149 .: (0,625 0,7).
= 3 . = 10 ( 1/16 ) (1835 .)
= 0,123.
.
= 0,0615.
: = 4 =16 . = 2 = 4 (14 ).
1835 .: = 2 =10 () = 20 .
1899 .: (12,299904 .) = 10 = 16 = 20 () = 100 = 200 . 1 (3,07476 .) = 5 :. 1 (1,229904 .) = 2 . 1 (0,614952 .) = 5 . 1 (0,123 .) = 2 . 1 (0,76869 .) = 12,5 .
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(1,214 . .) = 125106 . (9,691 . .) = 27 = 343 . (0,3595 . .) = 4096 = 21952 . 1 (0,0283 . .) = 1728 . 1 = 87,38 . .
1916 .: , , , , (), , , .
:
= 72 ( . 17 .)
= 12 , ( . 17 .).
= 163,8 . ( )
= 4 = 65,52 . ( ).
= 2,5 .
= 16, 38 . ( + , ).
= -3- = 2,5 .
= 96 . = 128 , ( )
= 96 . , ( - + = 3/4 , , , ). 1899 . - = 0,40951241 .
= 204,8 . ( = , = 48 ).
= 4,27 . ( ).
= 171 , = 43 . ( 13 )
= 1/68 .
=10 = 400 = 800 . = 2 = 48 = 1200 = 4800 .
= 4 .
- . | 11-13 . | 14 . | 15 . | 16-17 . | 18-19 . | |
- | 90-120 ., 1475-1960 . | 72 ., ~ 1179 . | - | |||
10 ., 163,8 . | ||||||
2,5 ., 100 ., ~ 40,95 . | 100 ., 40,95124 . | 18 . () | ||||
() | 40 ., 16,38 . | 40 ., 16,38 . | ||||
() | 96 ., 409,5 . | 16 . | ||||
() | 32 , 96 ., 409,5 . | |||||
() | 25 ., 4,27 . | 96 , 4,2657 . | ||||
() | 4 ., 171 . | - | ||||
() | 43 | - |
(500 ) = 1080 (1000 ) - 2160
(1649 . 3 ) = 216
(4 ) = 72
(4 ) = = 18 .
= 4,5 .
80x30 2 1 1197,44 .
() 2 =0,56
4
= 87,5 .
4 , 6 , 1679 . 8
12 (300 ) 10 , 100 ~ 9,8
25 10
72
10
2,5
40 = 16,38 .
() 96 = 409,512 .
= 4,267 .