- ... ... (), .
, , , , , - . . . , . .
. . , - . . . , . , .
. . , , , .
. , . . . , , . , , .
. . XX . . , . , - . XX . , , . . , - , , . , . , - , (emitted), , , , - (elicited). . ; , .
-. - . . ʸ . . . , , . . , , . -: .
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. . , . . . . - , , . . . ( ) . .
-, , . - ; . , , , . , , , . , () .
. .-. , . ; . . .
, , .
. , - . .-. ( , ).
. . , - , .
. , , -, ,
.
(accident proneness and prevention)
- . , . . . , - : ; ; , . . (National Center for Health Statistics) (U.S. national health survey) M. (A new perspective on the health of Canadians), , - . 5 19 . , . , - , . ., . , , , 50- . . , , . . . , .
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, . . .. , 1926 . . . . . . , , 1944 . . , . , . , , 80 90% - . , . . . , , , , . . , - . , , . . . - , , - , , .
, . , , , . , , . . . . . , - .-. . , . . . . , .
, , , , . , - . . . . ., - , , , . . - , . . ., , - . , - . .
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. . - . , . (The human side of accident prevention). , - , . , , . , -, , , . . ., . , - . -. , . . , - , , - , . , . . ., . . , , , . . . -. - , , - . , , , . , . .
. , - , . . , , . , , , , , . , . . . , . , - , . , , , - ( , ) . , - , , , .
, , . , - . , , - , , . ., . , . , , . , . , , .
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. , , , , , ,
. .
(covert conditioning)
. . , - , , . . , , , . . . , .-. , - .
. . 3 : ) ; ) ; ) . , , , . , , . , . , . , .
, . ., . . . . . , - , , - , . . .
, , , , , , . ., . , , - .
1970 . . (covert positive reinforcement, CPR). , , , PR , . CPR , . CPR , . . ., CPR , . , , . PR - . .
CPR . : , . - - CPR . PR , , - . . CPR, PR.
. 4 . .: (covert modeling, ), (covert negative reinforcement, CNR), (covert extinction, CE) (covert response cost, CRC). . . . .
- . . . . . . (The power of human imagination). . , . . , , . PR , , - . CNR , , - . , , - . , : -.
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. . , , . , , - (self-control triad, SCT). SCT , CPR.
. , . ., . , , - .
. , - , ,
. . , . ʸ
(boredom)
. , -, , , , .
. . , . . . , , . . . , . . , . . , - , . . , . , . (stimulus-seeking model). ' . , (), (effort) . , ., , - .
. , . . , - , , , . (flow) , , . 8 . , , . , . . . ; ., , . , , , , . - . . .
. , - : , - ., ., , . . ; . . . . . .
., . . , , . . , , , , . . , , , (flow) .
., - .
. ( , ) . (boredom proneness, ), 28- , - , . 5 , , - : , , ., . ., ; . . , . . . - , , .
. . , . , , . , . , . , - . - , . , ; . . , . , . . . . , , , . . . . , .
. , , , , ,
. .
(vocabulary tests)
1994 . Tests in print IV 40 . . (- ). - . , - , : , , . . .
. . . , , . , . - , .
. . , , . . . , , , . .
.
.
(Peabody picture vocabulary test)
175- , - 4 . . , , . : . (., ) - . . , . . , - . . , , , IQ.
, . . , ( ) , , , . . , . , -.
.
.
(dictionary of occupational titles, DOT)
. 1939 . (U.S. Department of Labor's Employment Service), . . . , . . . , - .
40 000 , . , , , . .
. . . . , ., , -, , ; , -, , ; , - , , ; , - , , .
. ,
. .
(education testing service)
1947 . - - (New York State Board of Regents) () , - , (College Entrance Examination Board), (Carnegie Corporation) . . , - , . , . , - , - .-. .
( -) . 5000 , 400 - . . 90% , . . , (Scholastic Aptitude Test, SAT) SAT/ (Preliminary SAT / National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test), - -. , - , -, . , , . (Law School Admission Test), (Graduate Management Admission Test) (Graduate Record Examination), . (TOEFL) - , , . . . , . (National Teacher Examination) (Advanced Placement and College Level Examination programs).
1960- ., , . . , SAT, , , , . - 1970- . - , . . . .
, . . , , . . , , . 1978 . . . .
(Center for Occupational and Professional Measurement Programs) . , , 50 . , . (Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Clearinghouse), . , , , .
8% .-. , - . , , , - . . .
. ,
.
(health care services)
, - .
. 3 . XIX ., . .
XIX XX ., . .
., , - . , . . . . (Hospital Survey and Construction Act), . - . .
. . , . , , . . . , . , . .
, , , . - , . - .
() . , . , , . .
, - . . , . .
, .
, , . , . . .
- . . , . , , , . , , .
., . , , .
, .
. . . , .
. ,
. .
(hot line services)
. . . . , . . ., . . . , . . . . , , , .
. . . . , , . - , , . .
. . . , , . , . . . : - , ., , . . . .
. , ,
.
(auditory discrimination)
. . . : , . . , .
20 20 000 . 1000 2000 ; , , .
1000 . 3 ; 1000 , 0,20,3% . , - . . , (, Δ f). . . , Δ f / f , f . 1000 Δ f / f ( ) 0,003; 1000 . . ., . , 2000 . 1500 , .
. (Δ I) , . . 2000 . , Δ I , . , ΔI , . (Δ I / I) - , 1/20 2500 100 7,5 35 5 .
1000 (Θ) 45 (ΔΘ) 3. 900 ΔΘ , 1000 0 180 360 180 ΔΘ 30 2000 .
(t) , (Δ t / t) ; . t 0,4 4 2,0 0,4; 4,0 400 , . . . , , . . , . . , 36.
( ) . , . , . .
. . , . , . .
, - , . . ., 263 true; 1053 father, 4200 machine.
. , , ,
. .
(auditory perception)
. . : , , .
, - ; . . , , . . . . , . . . , . . , , .
, , - . ( ), . . 20 5000 . , , .
, , , - . . ., 15 24 , - . . ( ) . () . . 125 3500 . , ; ( ) . .
, . , - . . , . . , /.
. , , ,
. .
(random numbers)
. . , , - . ., (0, 1, 2,... 9) . , . ., , 0,1n. . . .
. . . ., , , . . . () , , .
. . ( ) , .
. ,
.
(terminaly ill people)
, . 196070- . , . . , .
- 5 , - . : , ; , , , . , , . . . - . .
, , . . . , , . . . , , . , . . , , .
. , ,
. .
, () (race bias in testing)
. . ., () , , , , - - . , .-. .
- . . . , , , , , , , , . . . . . ., , , , . , 1960- ., . (Association of Black Psychologists, ) . .
. . . . , . . (American Psychological Association Board of Scientific Affairs) .
. . . ., , - . , , -, , , . , - 100 . , , . . , , , . . .
1960- ., . . . ., . , . , , : ) ., . , , ; ) ; ) .
, . , . , .
. - , ,
. .
(displacement)
. . . . . , , , . , , . . , . , . . .
, , . , . . , . . . ., .
. . .
> . . , - , , .
. . , , , () . ., - .
., , . . , . . . .
. ,
. .
(dreams)
. ., XIX . . , . , . , . , . , . . . . . 3 : ) 18611900 .; ) 19001953 .; ) 1953 .
1861-1900
1861 . . , , . . : , - . , , . , - . . . ., , ., . .
1900-1953
. . . .
, . , . , . . , . - .
. , . . . , -, . . , .
. - , . . ( . ) ,