. , . , P :
= + = 0 c + 0 c
0 c, 0 c .
, ( ). , χ→0. .
, ΔH, . . . , . , .
, (PB >> PA), , : () PB χB:
= χB (11.1)
KH .
11.1 . |
. 11.3 .
11.3
298 K
|
(11.1) , KH .
PB << PA, ( ), :
= 0 χ
.
χA = 1 χB :
= 0- 0 χ
:
. .
, .
11.2 ΔT ΔT . . P(T) P'(T) P''(T). |
|
|
χi CiC . . . , . m χB = 1 - χ. CiC . . . , . m << 1 :
:
, CC . . . , . m (B) = 1 ∙-1 ΔT . :
ΔT = m(B).
, ,
ΔT = m(B),
K .
:
ΔT = m(B)
. 11.4 K K .
11.4
(∙1∙).
|
, . , Cm = g(B) ∙ 1000 / μ(B) ∙g(A), g(A) , g(B) , μ(B) . ΔT = K m :
μ(B)= gB1000 / gA ΔT.
12
. -. . . . . . .
, , , .
, , , , , .
d:\Documents and Settings\ \Program Files\Physicon\Open Chemistry 2.5\design\images\buttonModel_h.gif
. 12.1 |
, M (. 12.1). , . (χ) , , . , , (. 12.2).
|
|
, , h (. 12.2) .
. 12.2. χ1 < χ2 () () . |
π , , , ; .
- :
p ×V = R ×T
- , , . () , - :
p =C×R×T
22,4 , , 1 , 22,4 . (2,27 ).
, , , . C(B) - (m(B) ∙ 1000 / μ(B) ∙ V), , :
m(B) , V .
, - . , .
, - i. :
(12.1)
i < 1, ,
, , i > 1. , CH3COOH = CH3COO + H+, .
. , , , . , :
, . HCl .
α:
. , , , α > 30 %. (HNO2, HCN, H2SO3), , .
.
|
|
HAn:
Kc K:
C α, :
. α << 1 :
, α .
N , n .
α, :
, α .
13
. . . . . . . .
- .
: 2 + + -, 298 K :
:
K∙[H2O] = [H+]∙[OH] = const.
, , K,
, 1525 C K = 1014.
[H+] [OH] , [H+] = [OH] = 1∙107, [H+] > 1∙107 , [H+] < 1∙107 .
(pH) window.top.document.title = "6.4.1. pH";
- pH. , : pH = lg [H+].
, lg [H+][OH] = lg 1 ∙ 1014 pH + pOH = 14.
pH < 7 , pH > 7 , pH = 7 .
pH + pOH = 14, , pH , 14 (pH NaOH C = 2 . 14,3). . 13.1 pH .
, :
() . .
:
1. , (C = 0,01 1).
2. . , . .
, . ; . , . . - KatAn → Kat+ + An+ (a+) (a)
|
|
C+ C , γ+ γ .
, - :
, , , (ε) (I). , .
:
:
C , z . - .
, NaCl Na2SO4 . , ; . .
-
- , .
, , , - . , , , - , . - .
. , , , () :
, HAn , An , . .
- .
. , - .
,
(3+) () ,
. Kk (K) K.
, - , . () , , , , .
:NF3 () BF3 () () - ( ) . , .
, - , .
:
.
:
:
:
|
|
K1: K2: K3 = 1: 105: 1010.
, , . , :
(CH3COONa → CH3COO + Na+) CH3COO . , , [CH3COOH] = [], [CH3COO] = [] H+
, H+ , .
, (NH4OH NH4Cl):
, , :
[]: [], []: []
. H+ , OH . , H+ . , , pH , , .
pH , .
, 1 , pH .
, , .
. H+ OH, . , . :
pH < 7, pH > 7, , pH . , , .
:
:
C /.
α
, 1- .
, (FeCl3 → Fe3+ + 3Cl) :
.
:
:
(!):
M L [MLn] :
Ki () [MLi].
n , M + nL = MLn :
, , ΔG = RT lnβ.
. . , , . , . , AgCl , [Ag(NH3)2]Cl. AgI , Na2S2O3
β[Ag(S2O3)2]3 β[Ag(NH3)2]+.
:
M = Ni2+, Cu2+, Fe2+.