3
p - IV
: .., ... ..
, .
- IV : , Si, Ge, Sn . 4 . ns22, ns13. 2 4, : 4, +2, +4. , .
- , 1s12s22p2. 4, +4, +2. , , , і . : , , , . .
:
, , , (sp3, sp2, sp) . (, ), , . , , . - , , .
.
. . :
t
0 + → + 0↑
, , . :
t
0 + → 2 + 0↑
, :
143 + 1220 = 41(0)3 + 4↑
2 + 220 = (0)2 + 22↑
, , , (n3, Fe3C, o3). SiC 4 , , .
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, , CS2 (), C2N2 (), l4.
, :
(II) :
+ ½02 = 0
(IV) :
+ 02 = C02
(II) 0 ( ) - , . , , . , . , :
Na0H + 0 = NaC00H
, :
H2S04(.)
HC00H C0 + H20
(II) , .
(II) (, : r(0)6, Fe(C0)5, Ni(C0)4).
(IV) - , , 1,5 .
:
t
03 → 0 + 02↑
:
03 + 21 = l2 + 20 + 02↑
(IV) 20 58 . 02 , , .
02 . 02 , 1% 02 , :
203 ↔ + + 03‾
03‾ ↔ + + 032-
02 :
(0)2 + 02 = 03↓ + 20
: - . , . :
Na2C03 + 20 = NaHC03 + Na0H
032- + 20 = 03‾ + 0‾
- . 4 , : 1s 22s22p63s23p2. , , , . , sp, sp2 . +4, 4.
- -, , . d- (sp3 -).
:
+ Si02 → Si + 02
, :
2Mg + Si02 → 2Mg0 + Si
. :
Si + 2F2 → SiF4
, . . () :
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3Si + 4N03 + 18HF = 3H2SiF6 + 4N0 + 820
:
Si + 20 + 2 = K2Si03 + 22↑
, :
2Mg + Si = Mg2Si
. (SinH2n+2, n = 1...6) . , - :
Mg2Si + 41 = 2MgCl2 + SiH4↑
, , SiSi . , . , :
SiH4 (.) + 202 (.) = Si02 (.) + 220(.), ∆ = 1357 .
. :
SiH4 + 2H20 = Si02 + 4H2↑
:
SiH4 + 20 + 2Na0H = Na2Si03 + 42↑
(IV), , Si02 - . ,
nSi02 m20. - H2Si03 H4Si04:
Na2Si03 + 21 = H2Si03 + 2NaCl
, . - , .
. :
Si02 + 20 = K2Si03 + 20
Si02 + 203 = K2Si03 + 02
, :
K2Si03 + 20 = KHSi03 + 0
Si032- + 20 = HSi03‾ + 0H‾
, , , .
, , .
. : Na20Ε6Si02 Na2Si03CaSi034Si02. , t = 1500:
Na 2C03 + 03 + 6Si02 = Na2006Si02 + 202
, - , - . 0, .
- Ge, Sn b - . ns2 np2. +2 +4. +4, +2, - +2 +4, (IV) .
Ge-Sn-Pb . - - , . : 14 β ( ) - - . α ( ). . - - .
Ge-Sn-Pb .
. - .
, . (IV), (IV) (II), :
Ge + 212 = GeCl4
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Sn + 212 = SnCl4
Pb+ l 2 = l4
, - . . 1
H2S04 l2, PbS04.
Cl H2S04 H[bl3] 2[bl4] (II):
b + 1(.) = [bl3] + 2↑
Pb + 3H2S04(.) = Pb(HS04)2 + S02↑ + 220
.
:
+ 4HN03 (.) = 203 + 4N02 + 20
HN03 , .. (II):
3Sn + 8HN03 (.) = 3Sn(N03)2 + 2N0 + 420
Pb(N03)2.
:
+ 20 + 220 = 2[(0)4] + 2↑
, 202:
Ge + 20 + 2202 = K2[Ge(0H)6]
0 02, (0)2 (0)4, NH3 H20 . 0 (0)2 . ( ), : SnCl2, Pb(N03)2, Na2[Sn(0H)4]- (II) , Na2[Pb(0H)4] - (II) . Na2Sn02 - , Na2Pb02 - .
02 . : - (203) - (404), . , (IV) (IV) : (SnCl4, Pb(N03)2) (Na2Sn03 Na4Sn04; Na2Pb03 Na4Pb04) .
(IV) : α- β - , , , , , β - α - .
(IV) α - :
SnCl4 + 4NH40H + 220 = H2[Sn(0H)6]↓ + 4NH4C1
:
H2[Sn(0H)6] + 2Na0H = Na2[Sn(0H)6] + 220
H2[Sn(0H)6] + 41 = SnCl4 + 6H20
α - β -, :
Sn + 4HN03 = H2Sn03 ↓ + 4N02 + H20
α- β- , . α - β - , α- β- 0- Sn-0-Sn.
S, . S , :
SnCl2 +H2S = SnS↓+2HCl
PbS, GeS SnS S2:
+2 -1 +4 -2
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SnS+(NH4)2S2 = SnS2↓+(NH4)2S
S2 GeS2 SnS2, , . S2 , :
3SnS2 + 6Na0H = 2Na2SnS3 + Na2Sn03 + 3H20
SnS2 + (NH4)2S = (NH4)2SnS3
:
(NH4)2SnS3 + 21 = SnS2↓ + H2S + 2NH4C1
(IV)
:
SnS2 + 61 = H2[SnCl6] + 2H2S
+4, +2, , (II) , (IV) - ( ).
(IV), (II):
+4 +2 +2 +7
5b02 + 2MnSO4 + 10HNO3 = 5Pb(NO3)2 + 2n07 + 420
(II) (IV):
+2 +4
SnCl2 + 2HgCl2 + 21 = H2[SnCl6] + Hg2C2
SnCl2 + Hg2Cl2 + 2HC1 = H2[SnCl6] + Hg
b203 b304 ().
b203 bb3, b304 - b2b04. :
O O O
Pb+2 / \ Pb+4 = O Pb+2 / \ Pb+4 / \ Pb+2
\ / \ / \ /
O O
b203 b304 (IV):
+2 +4
b203 + 2HN03 = Pb(N03)2 + b02 + 20
(b0b02)
+4
b304 + 4HN03 = 2Pb(N03)2 + Pb02 + 2H20
(2Pb0Pb02)
b304 :
+2+4 -1 0 +2
b304 + 81 = 12 + b12 + 420
, , . 1 - :
Pb(N03)2 + 20 ↔ b0HN03 + N03
b2+ + 20 ↔ b0+ + +
1.
. 6-8 . . , ( ).
- . , .