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FAQ

. 8 , Present Simple Tense Present Progressive Tense.

1) Nancy (to go) to London ever day. I (to write) the answer now.

2) He (to know) several languages. We (to play) table tennis now.

3) They often (to come) to our office. She (to speak) with her boss now.

4) He (to look) through the window now. She (to clean) her room every day.

5) We (to discuss) the project now. They (to go) to the sportclub every Sunday.

6) He usually (to read) newspapers at home. They (to do) the exercises now.

7) She (to watch) TV now. We (to go) to the village every week-end.

8) The teacher (to help) his students now. The engineer often (to hold) discussions.

9) He (to drink) coffee every morning. They (to have) dinner now.

10) We (to sit) in the office now. They usually (to come) home late.

 

 

3 .

3 2- :

1.- ( 3- , );

2. ( 5 - )

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
12 11 6 13 8 9 2 5 4 7 13 5 3 1 10 6 4 2 7 13 3 8 12 11 9

 

1

1. .

"Automating the railways".

At present control of the high-speed trains is semi-automatic since they are automatically forced to comply with permissible speeds at any instant. Stops at station platforms are under the driver's control. The whole line in Japan, for example, is directly controlled from Tokyo and for this purpose is divided into four systems. The state of the line is continuously surveyed and information is transmitted at high speed to the control centre. Each train automatically identifies itself by generating a unique frequency as it passes fixed ground equipment and the information is displayed on the control system at Tokyo. Trains entering stations automatically set the points system according to classification, i.e. whether super express, limited express or freight. One interesting but simple safety feature is provided to enable anyone on the line to stop the train in an emergency. It consists of push-button switches placed at intervals of 50 m. Operation of the switch shorts the track circuit, and consequent indication in the driving cab of an approaching train causes the brakes to be applied automatically when at an appropriate distance from the danger position. All the safety circuits are fail-safe, and the possibility of an accident due to human fallibility has been virtually eliminated. Current developments intended for future installation would incline programmed control, obstacle defection by a guided radar, controlled braking to a prescribed point and centralized computer control. Extensive work is under way in our country to utilize television technique in industry, science and agriculture. Some years ago one of the research institutes of our country designed television apparatus which is now used in railway transport to record the serial numbers of freight cars arriving at a station. As a train pulls in at a station, somewhere at a distance of ten kilometers an operator sees this train on the screen of his television set. The operator reads aloud the serial number of the freight cars and they are recorded by a type recorder. On another television set the operator can see all the railway lines in a station. The operator only has to press a button and another station will appear on the screen. These installations are being used in connection with the shifting of freight cars.

The Central Research Institute of the Military of Railways is designing a new television apparatus which will enable engine drivers to see the condition of the freight car even when it is dark.

 

:

  1. Are stops at station platforms under the driver's control? And why?
  2. Why can you say about an automated line in Japan?
  3. How do trains identify themselves as they pass fixed ground equipment?
  4. What device is used that enables anyone on line to stop the train in emergency?
  5. What distance are push-button switches placed on line?
  6. Does the switch short the track circuit by applying brakes automatically?
  7. How is the possibility of an accident eliminated?
  8. What installations for controlling safe movement will be included in future?
  9. Is television technique utilized in railway transport in our country?
  10. In what connection are the television installations being used on the railway lines?

2. :

container movement, engaging movement, diesel engine, diesel-electric engine, real-time processing, autonomous peripheral transfer devices, pointsman, engine output, video output, input/output.

 

3. :

  1. .
  2. .
  3. , .
  4. .
  5. TV , .
  6. .
  7. , .

2

1. :

 

                  1. How did the early cars look like?
                  2. What made the inventors design new types of cars?
                  3. What is the box-car intended for?
                  4. What is a refrigerator car intended for?
                  5. How can a refrigerator car protect goods from weather conditions?
                  6. How is a tank car filled with liquid goods?
                  7. What kinds of freight cars are designed for transporting coal, ore, gravel?
                  8. Why is the container traffic very popular nowadays?
                  9. What kinds of modern sleeping cars can you name? What is their inside arrangement?
                  10. What is the flat intended for?

Carriages and wagons

The cars used on the early railways were very much like the stage-coaches and wagons traveling on ordinary roads. Although drawn by horses, these vehicles had flanged wheels which kept them on the rails.

At time went on an railroads had to carry more and more freight, bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Today, the railroads have several classes of freight cars, there being many varieties in each class.

The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered car. It is a general-all purpose car intended to carry all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. A special type of b ox car is a refrigerator car used for hauling food products. The walls, floor and roof of this wagon are air- and waterproof to protect goods from the heat of the outside air.

Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. The long cylindrical tank of the car is filled through an opening on the top and emptied through a special device in the bottom.

Coal, ore, gravel, and other similar goods are known to be conveyed in open-top cars, the principal types of these being the gondola and hopper car. Both types are designed for mechanized loading and unloading and, therefore, built especially strong and durable.

The simplest type of car is the flat car. Being usually employed for transporting rails, beams, timber, and heavy machines, they, if fitted with special devices, can also carry containers. The container traffic is now coming into wide use on all modes of transport because it reduces the cost of loading and unloading goods and decreases the danger of their breakage. The fact is that goods are packed into containers at factories or ware houses and are not disturbed while in transit, thus being conveyed from door-to-door.

We know the passenger rolling stock of today to comprise several types of cars. There exist sleeping and dining cars, coaches for day and night sendee, saloon coaches for tourists, etc. The modern rolling stock is built with two types of inside arrangement. One is the compartment type with a side corridor, and the other is the open vehicle with a central passage.

2. :

air-conditioned cars, trunk line, hump yard, track facilities, signal appliances at railroads, centralized traffic control, traffic flow, passenger compartment, the yard terminal office.

 

3. :

  1. Railways compete with other kinds of transport. The very first passenger and freight cars were pulled by horses.
  2. Some goods must be protected from weather conditions. The early railway cars looked like boxes on wheels.
  3. Metal cars are protected from corrosion with the help of plaint. There are various types of freight cars for different foods.
  4. The sleeping cars are divided into small separate parts or compartments Covered cars are cars with roofs.
  5. Old carriages were heated by stoves; modern cars have central heating. In coaches the seats are arranged on both sides of the vehicle.
  6. The very first freight class were used in coal mines in England. Many innovations have been introduced in car construction since the early days.
  7. George Pullman is regarded to be the inventor of the sleeping cars. The railroad travel depends largely upon the standards of cars and service.
  8. Most long-distance trains are furnished with fluorescent lightning and air-conditioning. The prototype of a modern sleeping car appeared in the middle of the 19th century.
  9. Modern carriages are made of light-weight steel, aluminum and plastics. The early trains had neither lighting nor heating.
  10. In Russia the construction of passenger cars was started in 1846 at the Alexander Works. Modern cars are durable and have good performance characteristics.

 

3

1. :

"Movement of freight traffic"

Movement of freight starts at the initial terminal where the train is made up in the classification yard. Here cars are collected in groups or blocks. These are assembled on a departure track. The number of cars assigned to a train is related as nearly as possible to the tonnage capacity of the locomotive. After assembling the various blocks of cars on the track from which the train is to leave, they are coupled up with air brake connection, then tested and inspected. Defective cars are quickly repaired; if this requires more time than is available such cars are cut out and dispatched in a later train. The engine crew boards the train at the locomotive terminal. They pick up the caboose with the train and attach it to the rear end of the train, or a yard engine may handle the caboose. Prior to leaving the yard terminal office the freight conductor receives a series of sheets called billing, which show the number, character and destination of each car in his train, and checks the train for correct make-up or consist. When the train is ready to move, a signal from the conductor to the engineer starts it on its way. Except for stops for water or fuel a through freight train will run normally to the next intermediate terminal without stop or change in its consist. The

conductor makes out what is called a wheel report, listing the initials and numbers of each car,weight of the car, weight of lading and the points between which the train moves it. These wheel reports are the records from which the car accountant keeps track of car movement and the statistical department of the railroad compiles freight train and traffic statistics. At intermediate terminals cars consigned to destinations within the particular territory are cut out of the train New cars at intermediate terminals may be added. The train progresses by successive stops through other intermediate terminals to final destination, where it moves to the terminal yard. At the point cars are classified for delivery to the various industries, the operation being carried out by local yard crew.

 

:

1) Where does the movement of freight start?

2) Why are cars classified or sorted?

  1. How is the number of cars assigned to a train related to the tonnage capacity of the locomotive?
  2. What cars are cut out and dispatched in a later train?
  3. What does the freight conductor receive at the yard terminal office?
  4. What does a series of sheets called billing show?
  5. Who gives a signal to the engineer for the train being ready to move?
  6. Does a through train stop sometimes? For what purpose?
  7. What does the conductor show in a wheel report?
  8. How does the freight train progress to its final destination?

2. :

frequent intervals, colored lights, interlocking system, in case of emergency, strictly adhere, traffic lights.

3.

, :

  1. We are building a new railway line in this region.
  2. Railway engineers designed a lot of most productive facilities.
  3. The government granted some money to renew the equipment and the roadbed of all the railroads.
  4. The plant will increase its capital investment in equipment and structures.
  5. R.K.Frolov constructed a line with cast iron rails in the Altai Mountains in 1809.
  6. R.F. Frolov used elliptical rails instead of angular ones.
  7. They are repairing the car now.
  8. I have translated the whole text.
  9. The agent informed the buyers about the arrival of the steamer.
  10. We have built a new metro line in this city by the end of the year.

4

1. :

The diesel traction

The advance of transportation took a long time and scores of talented engineers did all in their power to develop the transportation system people have now at their disposal. But man never stops at what he had reached, and what seems fantastic today turns out to be quite realizable tomorrow.

The idea of creating a new kind of motive power for locomotives interested Russian scientists and engineers long ago. Great contribution to the solution of this problem was made by the Higher Technical School in Moscow later named after N.E.Bauman. Thus Prof. Grenetevsky designed an original diesel engine to meet the requirements of railway sendee while A.N.Shelest proposed a project of an original diesel locomotive and patented it in Russia and England. Nevertheless, in pre-revolutionary Russia these as well as many other projects were not realized.

The transport difficulties in the early twenties made railway engineers turn their attention to diesel traction. As a result, large-scale research and experimental work was done despite the great economic difficulties the young Soviet Republic faced at that period.

We may consider November 6, 1924 to be the birthday of the world's first main-line diesel-electric locomotive. This, 1,000 hp unit was built to Prof. Gakkel's design. Field tests showed the task of creating a practical main-line locomotive had been largely solved.

The diesel locomotive is more expensive to build and maintain than the electric of equal power since the diesel locomotive carries a power plant on itself. In addition, the diesel engine is an air pollutant prime mover, so the diesel traction should not be recommended for use on suburban lines round large cities. Noise and vibration are also considered the drawbacks of the diesel locomotive. Another disadvantage of the diesel locomotive is that the diesel engine runs on organic fuel the supplies of which are not inexhaustible.

Diesel traction is normally employed today on non-electrified trunk lines and on lines where traffic is not dense enough to justify electrification. I addition, it is the diesel traction which is particularly suitable for switching services for the diesel locomotive is not connected to the overhead wires and can easily and rapidly perform its switching duties.

:

  1. Who was interested in the development of a new kind of motive power?
  2. What did Professor Grenetevsky design to meet the requirements of railway service?
  3. What date can we consider the birthday of the world's first main-line diesel-electric locomotives?
  4. Why is the diesel locomotive more expensive to build and maintain?
  5. Why isn't it recommended to use diesel traction on suburban lines?
  6. What are the drawbacks of diesel traction?
  7. Why is diesel traction suitable for switching service?
  8. What kind of fuel do diesel locomotives burn?
  9. Which technical school made great contribution to the solution of the problem of tractive power?
  10. What did the talented Russian engineers devote their lives to?

2. :

high-load capacity, railway network, high speed train, station platform, traffic safety, control system, traffic lights.

3. :

  1. The diesel engine burns fuel in the cylinder. The power used to move the train is known as motive power
  2. In the fifties diesel traction was introduced as a new kind of motive power on railways. Diesel locomotives are the best for switching work.
  3. Diesel locomotive performs its duty quickly and efficiently. Diesel traction is associated with the name of Rudolf Diesel.
  4. The diesel engine belongs to the class of internal-combustion engines in which the fuel is burnt inside the engine itself. The diesel engine can be started within a minute or two in any weather.
  5. The diesel locomotives are capable of developing a high tractive effort at low speeds/ Rudolf Diesel was one of the creators of the first real diesel locomotive.
  6. Powerful diesel locomotives are capable of developing a high tractive effort at low speeds. Self-propelled diesel trains are widely used on suburban lines with light traffic.
  7. Diesel engines are largely used for heavy duties including railway traction. Modern railways use a great number of devices to simplify the operation of trains.
  8. Rudolf Diesel believed that his engine would find wide application on railways. Our country started a mass production of diesel from the fifties.
  9. Diesel locomotives can compete with electric ones on lines where traffic is not dense. Diesel can easily and rapidly perform their switching duties.
  10. Diesel locomotive is not connected to the overhead wires. The locomotives used for sorting operations are known as switching locomotives.

 

5

1. :

"From the history of railway construction in Russia".

Our country, Russia, stretches across two continents, from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. The first railway in Russia using steam traction was an industrial line at Nizhni Tagil in the Urals, built in 1834, for which the first two steam locomotives in the country were constructed by father and son named Cherepanovs. The first public railway was the Petersburg-Pavlovsk railway. At first it was opened from Pavlovsk to Tsarskoye Selo with horse traction in October, 1836. Locomotives were introduced in 1837. The first important railway construction from Petersburg to Moscow was begun in 1843 and opened to public traffic in 1851. That was a first -class double-track railway line, which linked two large industrial and cultural centres. It had 644 km in length, 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were erected to make the line as straight and level as possible. Since 1890 to 1900 more than 11,000 miles of railway were built. By the end of 1925 the railway system had grown to 46,300 miles. The Baikal-Amur Line, more than 3,000 km long, was built in the Far East of our country, and the process of building new railway lines is going on. Today railway transport different than that in old times. There are many thousands of locomotives is quite different than that in old times. There are many thousands of locomotives, hundreds of thousands of cars and oil-cisterns. The trains today go much faster. The whole wagon fleet was fitted with continuous brakes, and hundreds of thousands wagons were equipped with automatic couplings. Many old lines were improved and electrified and use of diesel traction was begun. Heavy rails were laid extensively and a substantial mileage was equipped with automatic block signaling. Railway transport is still one of the cheapest ways hauling freight over long distances. Communications are important to the national economy of a country. Without good roads and railways a country cannot develop its resources and industry. Without roads it is impossible to market agricultural produce.

 

:

  1. When was the railway construction begun in Russia?
  2. By whom was the first steam locomotive constructed in Russia?
  3. Where was the first public railway constructed?
  4. How was the railway system changed in the 20th century?
  5. What was the whole wagon fleet equipped with?
  6. What can you say about the first-class double -track railway line linked two capitals?
  7. Why is railway transport so important for the country and people?
  8. Is railway transport the best one? Why?

2. :

high-load capacity, railway network, high speed train, station platform, traffic safety, control system, traffic lights.

3. , :

  1. Electronic digital computers are used in many countries.
  2. A human operator is replaced by automatic devices.
  3. Signals can be received by a station.
  4. The telephone was invented in 1876.
  5. In mechanics we are interested in kinetic as well as in potential energy.
  6. Some atomic power stations are assumed to be built for experimental purposes.
  7. Long ago land was cultivated by very primitive implements.
  8. All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
  9. All elements are composed of minute particle called atoms.
  10. The famous Periodic Classification was published by D.I. Mendeleyev in 1869.

6

1. :

"Assembling the train. Movement of passenger traffic."

Passenger trains are assembled in a car yard with a number of specified cars as baggage, mail and express coaches, dining, parlour and sleeping cars. Every car in the train has received careful inspection inside and outside to make certain of its mechanical condition. Each car has been washed: not only have inside woodwork and floors been scrubbed, but carpets and seats have been gone over with vacuum cleaners. Preparations for dining service constitute a considerable operation. Food supplies have been requisitioned from the store rooms, and stored in the car refrigerators, cupboards and small but complete pantry. Clean linen has been stocked. After preparing the cars and cleaning and stocking them with supplies, they are coupled, inspected, and tested to ascertain whether mechanical appliances such as air brakes and signal and steam lines are functioning properly. The train is now ready to receive its passengers, baggage and mail.

When ready, a switching engine moves the trains to the assigned departure track at the station. The road locomotive has been inspected. The crew takes over the locomotive at the terminal, moves in to the departure track and couples it to the train. Here the train receives tests of air brakes and signal lines again. The train crew has been mobilized, they are called for duty according to schedule. A modern train stands in the terminal ready to receive its passengers. It departs at the moment called for by its schedule. The program of departure seems so simple that few passengers realize that it has required the services of a small army of railroad employees to make the movement possible.

:

  1. Where are passenger trains assembled?
  2. What tests does the train receive at the terminal?
  3. How is each car inspected?
  4. What is each train supplied with?
  5. Is the road locomotive inspected too?
  6. What does the crew do with the locomotive?
  7. How does the train crew work?
  8. When is the train ready to receive its passengers?
  9. When does the train depart?

2. :

air-conditioned cars, trunk line, hump yard, track facilities, signal appliances at railroads, centralized traffic control, traffic flow, passenger compartment, the yard terminal office.

3. , :

  1. The rails are carefully inspected before they are laid in the track.
  2. The railroad line is crossed by the highway in two points.
  3. The equipment was sent for but it has not arrived yet.
  4. Several towns will be linked by this line.
  5. New locomotives to be built by the end of the year will have ventilating fans of a new type.
  6. One of the most important railway problems is the problem of increasing train speed.
  7. The new locos to be produced for the October line are expected to develop maximum speed of more than 200 km/h.
  8. We saw the new locomotive start from the station.
  9. Fuel oil supply to the diesel engine is provided from the oil tank through filters by two pumps driven by electric motors.

Fifteen 1,800hp diesel-electric locos are to be delivered to the Brazilian Railways, all of them having been produced by the Hungarian plants.

7.

1. :

Signal and signaling

Safe operation of freight and passenger trains requires a system of signaling. To inform the locomotive and train crew of the position of other trains in relation to their own, signals installed at frequent intervals give indications which are visible both by day and by night. Wayside signals installed along railroad tracks are called fixed signals.

We know that the semaphore used to be the most common type of the signal. The relative position of the semaphore arm constituted the signal. To indicate stop a horizontal arm was used. Proceed was indicated by a vertical arm. To give restrictive (i.e.cautionary) indications the arm was inclined up or down. Colored lights give the indications at night. The semaphore mechanism is equipped with lenses illuminated by a lamp, so that a red light shows when the semaphore is in the stop position, a green light when the semaphore is in the proceed position, and a yellow light when the semaphore is in the restrictive position. The colour-light signal sometimes used is known to have semaphore arm and give both day and night indications be means of red, green and yellow lights. We know some signals to be operated by hand, others to be automatic. Locomotives on some railroads are known to be equipped with apparatus located in the cab, which gives a continuous indication to the engine man identical with that that shown by wayside signals.

By cab signals the engine grew is supposed to be always informed of conditions ahead regardless of the weather that affects the man's ability to see wayside signals. Locomotive cab signals are equipped to give audible warnings whenever the aspect changes to one more restrictive. A protective device is installed on some railroads to apply the brakes automatically and bring a train to a stop if, for any reason, a stop signal should be passed. It is called automatic train control. The first signals installed are known to have been hand-operated, usually by station employees.

:

1) Why is system of signaling necessary?

    1. What are fixed signals? Where are they installed?
    2. What is the most common type of the signal?
    3. When are colored lights used?
    4. Why are cab signals so important?
    5. What for is a protective device installed on some railroads?

2.

:

regardless of the weather, belt railway, elevated railway, multiple-track railway, street railway, suburban railway, suspended railway, classification yard, dispatch track, passing track, marshalling track, track circuit, fail-safe rolling of locomotive, baggage-and-mail car, power-car, testing -car, push-car, rear-end car, flat car, autonomus car, brake axle, double (single) -arm semaphore.

3. , :

  1. It is known that a signal to be utilized by day is substituted by colored lights at night.
  2. A dispatcher had to control train movements over a section of a track. The most difficult task for engineers to decide before beginning to build any railroad is to find a proper strip of land for this purpose.
  3. The engineers wanted cab signals to be located in the locomotive cab.
  4. The colored light is changed to put the signal into a restrictive position.
  5. It was very important to install the block signals on all the railroads.
  6. The system may be further developed to include control of the brakes to attain optimal braking effect.
  7. Special signals to be installed along railroads will help engine man to drive trains without accidents.
  8. That railroad seems to have been the first in the world.
  9. The efficiency coefficient of electric locomotives is stated to be much higher than of steam locomotives.
  10. The railroad engineers are said to be improving a protective device on the locomotives.

8

1 :

"The power supply system"

1.

          1. What kind of power stations generate electric energy?
          2. What are the drawbacks of conventional power plants?
          3. What discovery caused a revolution in energetics?
          4. What kind of power plants is the most respective?

(What kind of energy will soon become the main source of power supply?)

          1. Where is the electric energy sent after having been generated?
          2. What kind of electric current is generated by power stations?
          3. Why is alternating current converted into direct current in many countries?
          4. Where is the alternating current converted into direct current?
          5. What is the essential part of any substation?
          6. What is a rectifier of a substation needed for?

Nowadays technical progress, including the progress in railway engineering is unthinkable without the proper power supply system.

Till recent years, all electric energy has been generated by thermal and hydro-power stations. But the hydro-power stations are always tied to rivers. As for the thermal power plants the supplies of fuel needed for their operation are not inexhaustible. So power engineers are now in search of new sources of energy.

The great efforts of scientists and engineers have resulted in discovering atomic energy which caused a revolution in energetics.

After having been generated, the electric energy is sent to the electricity grid system of the country. It is the grid system that distributes the power to the consumers, including the electrified railways.

Both conventional and nuclear power stations generate a high voltage alternating current(a.c.).The fact is that the alternating current can be more economically transmitted over long distances than the dirrect currnt(d.c.) and the higher the voltage the less energy is lost.

Although the alternating current can be used to drive trains, in many countries it is converted to the direct current because d.c. Motors are simpler in construction than a.c. machines.

As is known, the conversion of a.c. to d.c. takes place in railway substations. The first essential of a substation is a trandformer in which the electric current taken from the transmission line is lowered in voltage. Another important instrument the substation is fitted with is a rectifier which converts a.c. to d.c, this one-way (i.e. dirrect) current being then fed to the overhead wire.

Electronics has found a wide application in railway substations, silicon rectifiers being one of the most commonly used electronic instruments. Due to electronics most substations are now operated by remote control.

2. :

utilizer, to protect, distribution, consumption, load graph, lighting load, power load, power utilizing devices, an interconnected operation of power plants.

3. :

  1. Electrification is one of the ways to increase the railway efficiency. In designing high-speed vehicles we must take into account control equipment, tractive power and stability.
  2. The substations located along the line convert a.c. to d.c. A special rail is used on the underground railways to conduct electricity to the trains.
  3. If the trains run with very shot intervals, we say that the railway carries dense traffic. The generation of electricity from the sun energy is now quite realizable.
  4. The operation cost of electrified railways is relatively low. All electrified trunk lines use the overhead power supply system which is called catenary.( )
  5. High efficiency and great reliability are the chief advantages of electric haulage. Metro trains are furnished with electric current by means of the conductor rail.
  6. The electric energy which drives the trains may be taken from the overhead wire. To convert a railway to electric haulage will require costly reconstruction work.
  7. The speed attained by modern trains is often limited by the conditions of the track. The voltage of the electric current is lowered at the substation.
  8. The speed record on electrified railways belong to the French locomotives. The high cost of automic control system is economically justified.
  9. Electric haulage is particularly attractive in mountainous countries. After electrification this line will be serviced by multy-union trains.
  10. Due to numerous machines less time is required for the workers to repair the catenary. The transformers are used to lower the voltage of the alternating current.

9

1. :

Engine driver today.

Nowadays in Russia modern diesel locomotives are known to have a lot of highly complicated machinery which must be regularly examined if the reliability of locomotives and safety of passengers and freight are to be maintained. At present, diesel locomotives are reported to handle about 50 per cent of the transportation. The passenger diesel such as TEP-70 and TEP-80 can run at a speed of 160-200 km/h, and freight diesel such as 2TE-116 can handle 8,000 ton trains and more, the power of their diesel-generator equipment reaching 6,000hp. Therefore the railways need highly qualified engineers and drivers to operate diesels successfully. The work of a modern diesel locomotive driver completely differs from that of a steam locomotive driver. The modern driver sits comfortably in an upholstered chair in a very clean cab. Right in front of of of him he has a large glass window which gives him a splendid view of the line ahead. In wet or snowy weather, a powerful screen wiper keeps the glass clean. Besides that, there are special fans to prevent window glass from freezing in cold winter. All the information the driver requires, i.e., speed, pressure, engine temperature, etc., is given by a few dials and warning lights on an instrument panel in front of him. The driver's control cab which is made as sound-proof as possible is constructed of a thin iron sheet lined with wooden panels on the inside. The side windows of the cab for the driver and his assistant are made to slide, and the others are of the drop type as those used in carriages.

And now let's learn how to train the future diesel and electric locomotive drivers in England. Traditional training for train drivers is expensive both in terms of cost and time. It costs 40,000 English pounds to provide basic training for one driver and takes up to 11 months. Theoretical training is easy to organize and typically one instructor can cope with up to 12 trainees (). But train drivers require considerable practical instruction to acquire the necessary skills which drivers need for competent performance. Practical training requires minimum 300 hours on service trains with an instructor. Such training provides experience of normal everyday driving duties. However, it is almost impossible to provide experience of unusual and emergency situations. Most practical training is carried out initially in a depot using old rolling stock to provide training in shunting and mainline driving. It is in this area of training that simulation can be most effectively used. There are many problems that require attention of both railway managers and trainers if simulation is to be successfully introduced and integrated into an existing training system.

:

1) What locomotives have a highly complicated machinery?

2) What must be regularly examined for safety of passengers and freight?

3) What special devices help to prevent window of driver's cab from freezing?

4) What information is given for driver in his control cab?

5) How long is practical training for English drivers carried out?

2. :

a) cab window, cab front window, cab front window screen wiper, instrument panel, cab instrument panel, cab instrument panel lights; diesel locomotive transportation, diesel locomotive transportation efficiency, future diesel locomotive transportation efficiency development;

b) regularly examined devices, highly-qualified engineers, highly complicated machinery, completely changed work, easily obtained information, beautifully lined panels.

3.

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