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.
, . , (savings) . , .. . , . :
- ( , ), ;
- , , .
, . , , . (consumption spending - ) (investment spending I). , Y (yield). (expenditures):
Y = E
( ) () (I): E = C + I
- (C) (S):
Y = + S
,
+ I = + S,
.. ,
I = S
.. . (injections) , (leakages) . , , , ( , , ). , , , . ( ), , (). . .
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.
-, (government spending - G), , . , . , .. .
-, (taxes - Tx), . , , , (transfers - Tr). - , , .. . , , , , , . , .
-, , . ( + ) (), , , . ( ) . , , , .. . , . , . , .. () , , .
, , .. , , . : (C), (I) (G):
= C + I + G
(C), (S) (T):
Y = C + S + T
, (Tx) (Tr):
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T = Tx Tr
(, , , , , , )
, () , :
I + G = S + T
( , , , , ).
( ) ,
(Y), , .. , (), , , .. (disposal income Yd). , , , , , , ( , ). :
Yd = Y - Tx + Tr
( ) :
Yd = C + S
, , , , . , (export Ex) () ( ), (import Im) ( ).
.
(Im > Ex), . , .. :
- () , , . (, );
- ( ) .
, ( ) , (capital inflow), .
(Ex > Im), () , (capital outflow), .
( ) . , (net export - Xn) :
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Xn = Ex - Im
, : , , :
= C + I + G + Xn
:
Y = C + S + T
= Y, , :
C + I + G + Xn = C + S + T
.
, () ():
Y ( ) = = C + I + G + Xn
, (.. , () , .. , ) (.. , () , , ), :
I + G + Ex = S + T + Im
. . .
. . . . ( ) . , () . , , , , , .
: 1) , 2) ,
3) 4) , , - .
: 1) 2) .
, , . , .
, . .
, . , () : = (Yd, W), , Yd - W , Yd W , . , / . , , (), ( ). , . , () () , : AD = C + I + G + Xn () () , .. , . , , , , , , , , , , .
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, 2 : 1) 2) .
(flow) . , , . : , , , , () , , ., . , , . ( model of circular flows).
(stock) , .. (, 1 2001 ). , , , , , .
: 1)
2) .
() ( , ), . , , ( ), , , , ..