, -:
pV=(m/M)RT
m - ; M - ; p ( ..=101.3 ); V - ; T - (); R - (8,314 /( ) 0,082 /( )
4
17C 250 (II) 84 ?
.
, 1 ( ) 1 .
, :
1.
17. (.=29).
.
DH2 =M- /MH2
-=DH2*MH2 =34
D =M- /M. =34/29=1,17
5
, , 15, 50 35% .
.
D() =M /M. = /29
M = (15 28 + 50 40 + 35 44) / 100 = (420 + 2000 + 1540) / 100 = 39,6
D() =M /29=39,6/29=1,37
.. (1792-1794):
. . .. : , , .
, 1 .
ƒ.() 1/Z , , - .
ƒ .
:
. , : 1/, . , , Cr2O3. , 3. , ƒ ( ) 1/3. , K2Cr2O7, 6, , ƒ 1/6.
, , , 1/*N, , N . , , , , , ƒ. , 2, 1/4, 3, , 1/6.
, , . , , :
|
|
NaOH + H3PO4 = NaH2PO4 + H2O
2NaOH + H3PO4 = Na2HPO4 + 2H2O
3NaOH + H3PO4 = Na3PO4 + 3H2O
, , . , 1, 1.
. 1/2 . - 1, 1/2.
, , 1, - 1/3, .
- , . 1 , ,
M= ƒ() ()
,
(1/3l+3) =1/3 27 = 9 /
-
M
n=
M
, .
:
() = 12 ∙ 1/2 = 6 /
() = 12 ∙ 1/4 = 3 /
() = 1,008 / () = 8 /, (l) = 9 /, () = 20 /.
, :
= ,
-
N -
, , .. (H+, OH-, Kat+n, An-n)
() (H+, OH-, Kat+n, Ann-)
1) : ƒ , ,
1/Z = ƒ(HCl) = 1
1/Z = ƒ(H2 SO4) = 1/2
1/Z = ƒ(H3 PO4) = 1/3
= ƒ∙ =
N+
: - ()
N+ - , .
: (H2SO4) = 1/2 ∙ 98 = 49 /
1) ƒ , , ,
ƒ(NaOH) =1/Z (NaOH) = 1
ƒ (Ca(OH)2) = 1/Z (Ca(OH)2) = 1/2
= ƒ∙
[Cr(OH)3] = 1/3*103 = 34,3 /
2) : ƒ , .
|
|
ƒ (Na2SO4) = 1/Z (Na2SO4) =1/2
ƒAl2(SO4)3 = 1/2 * 3
= ƒ ∙
Al2(SO4)3= 57 /
4) ƒ ,
ƒ (H2O) = 1/Z (H2O) = 1/2
ƒ (SO2) = 1/Z (SO2) = 1/4
ƒ(Mn2O7) =1/7*2
= ƒ∙
:
(Mn2O7) =222/14 = 15,9 /
ƒ .
:
22 + 2 = 22
4 44
1792 . : (m1, m2)
, - .
n 1 = n 2
, 1 - .
, () = 1/, 2/ V=22,4, 1 , 11,2 .
V (2) = 22,4: 2 = 11,2.
()= ¼ (2) = 32: 4 = 8/, V(2) = 22,4: 4 = 5,6.
, () | ||
, n () ( ), () | f (H2) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (O2) = 1/(2×2) = 1/4; f (Cl2) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (O3) = 1/(3×2) = 1/6 | |
, n () ( ), () | f (Cr2O3) = 1/(2×3) = 1/6; f (CrO) = 1/(1×2) = 1/2; f (H2O) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (P2O5) = 1/(2×5) = 1/10 | |
, n (H+) ( ) | f (H2SO4) = 1/1 = 1 ( 1) f (H2SO4) = 1/2 ( 2) | |
, n (H) - ( ) | f (Cu(OH)2) = 1/1 = 1 ( 1) f (Cu(OH)2) = 1/2 ( 2) | |
, n () ( ), () ; n () , () | f (Cr2(SO4)3) = 1/(2×3) = 1/6( ) f (Cr2(SO4)3) = 1/(3×2) = 1/6( ) | |
- | , , | Fe2++ 2 =Fe0 f (Fe2+) =1/2; MnO4+ 8H++ 5 =Mn2++ 4H2O f (MnO4) = 1/5 |
, z | f (SO42) = 1/2 |
. : ) ZnCl2, ) 3, ) (MgOH)2SO4.
: ,
) ZnCl2 ( ):
.
f (ZnCl2) = 1/2, ZnCl2 ½ ZnCl2.
) 3( ):
.
f (3) = 1, 3 3.
) (MgOH)2SO4 ( ):
.
f ((MgOH)2SO4) = 1/2, (MgOH)2SO4 1/2(MgOH)2SO4.
, , ( ) n . ( ) . :
|
|
= × f . |
/.
, :
() = () + () = () + 8 () = () + ( ) = 1 + ( ) () = () + () = () + 17 () = () + ( ). |
( V ) , . /. .. :
1: 12 /. , 1150 (..)?
: :
n (1/ z ) = n (1/ z 2).
, :
= .
V(1/2 2) = 11.2 /. ,
m(Me) = = = 1.23 .
: 1.23 .
2: 3.60 5.04 . .
: ( ). :
n (1/ z ) = n (1/ z 2) = n (1/ z ).
(.. (1/2 )=8 /).
= ; =
(1/z ) = 20 /.
:
= ; = .
(1/z ) = 28 /.
(1/z ) = (1/z ) + 8 = 28 /.
: 20 /; 28 /.
3: 20 %. .
: , . :
n (1/ z ) = n (1/ z 2) = n (1/ z );
= .
. 100 (100%)..., 100 20 80 .
=
(1/z ) = 32 /. :
(1/z ) = (1/z ) + 8 = 32 + 8 = 40 /.
: 32 /; 40 /.