Plan:
The early Stuarts
1) James I (1603-1625)
a) Financial difficulties
b) Parliament
2) Charles I (1625-1649)
a) Parliaments of 1625-1628
b) King`s reign from 1629 to 1640
c) The Short and the Long Parliaments
d) The Civil War
James I (1603-1625) Son of Mary Stuart, pr o testant, king of Scotland. He supported protestant so there were no religious controversies (). Guy Fox tried to kill him and all members of parliament. James became unpopular from the very beginning. He was simply a foreigner for England. Contemporary he was described as bad-mannered without an idea how to behave in the society. Critics was not objective because James was a skilled politician. All of them believed in the absolute power of the monarch (Tudors believed in it) there was no rule and nothing could limit the king. Even during the reign of Elizabeth I monarch was not above the law. From the very beginning James had to focus on the financial matters.
Elizabeth didn`t use parliament for taxation and got money from sth. else borrowing money from foreign countries. National debt 400000 pounds (debt left by Elizabeth I). There were plans to unite Scotland but they failed. England and Scotland were 2 independent countries. Scotland financial condition is more weak. Scotland in general was more dependent. James became more powerful when he became a king of England. There was a need in reforms. What was more Elizabeth had no family, but James had a family the house grew more larger (larger household expenses) his family moved to England.
- Extravagance ikstravəgəns love of money wasting. From the very beginning he tried to cooperate with parliament because it should be summoned to provide him money. Parliament was not ready to help 1st of all because James was not respected. Parliament started to criticize monarch by using its freedom of speech. James declared that parliament had no right to discuss anything and had to obey he was ready to punish MPs. James showed that he had no privileges of parliament. Only in 1 period there was cooperation they cooperated in the sphere of religion in order to limit the rights of catholics. Most MPs were land-owners and were supposes to pay the taxes which were discussed in parliament. No one wanted to impose taxes on themselves. So James failed - he decided to impose taxes on his own imposition of import duties (indirect taxes). As parliament refused to cooperate it tried to see it as an illegal initiative. James could not stop parliament and parliament realized that it was an additional portion of power which it could exercise. The question of how much power it had. It turned out that when James imposed import duties parliament thought that it was not a prer o gative of the king. The king started to sale titles.
Establishment people who are close to the power. They play important role in central government. It led to a new way of confrontation. The other a ristocr a ts claimed that king created new a rist o cracy and ignored the traditional a rist o cracy. In the middle of his reign James quarreled with everyone. As he found no solution of how to get money in England he naturally continued to borrow abroad debt became 1 million pounds. James summoned Parliament 4 times. Whenever he summoned parliament tested whether it could do more that it was supposed to do. In 1604 Parliament was summoned to discuss financial matters it refused to give money to the king.
|
|
|
Sessions March-July 1604, Nov 1605-May 1606. Nov 1606-July 1607 February July 1610 October-December.
In 1610 Parl. Found out that it could impose both direct and indirect taxes. 1614 April-June 1614 no tax-raising without Parliament.
1621 January June 1621 Nov - Dec 1621 Attempt to discuss foreign policy. The Prince of Wales was choosing whom to marry. He wanted to marry Spanish princess so the relation between England and Spain became worse. So parliament tried to discuss it (but it had no right to discuss marriages against the traditions). In 1624 Parliament was able to make laws without King. James couldn`t stop it. Generally, Parliament became responsible for all taxation, marriages, foreign policy. The parliament got out of control.
Charles I (1625-1649). All the troubles which England had were connected with the activity of Lord of Buckingham who influenced Charles I (The opinion of parliament). Charles lacked the support. Duke of Buckingham was murdered. When he was murdered the people celebrated this event. Charles naturally as he had a 1000000 pounds debt and face the consequences of the war so he tried to start the cooperation with parliament but he couldn`t reach every compromise with it. If the king was ready to get rid of Duke of Buckingham then he would be supported by parliament. In 1625 and in 1626 there were no subsidies to the king because the parliament was dissolved, king failed to get rid of his favorite. He couldn`t get the land of the church because it had already been taken. Land-owners were reach in England and didn`t want to pay taxes-king stated that they were supposed to lend money to the king and stated if they refuse to give money they would be imprisoned. The king imposed a forced loan as it was called. Loan is once again . Forced .
Economics was extremely successful. Politics was a disaster. There were 5 brave people who refuse to pay and were imprisoned by people of Charles I. 5 brave knights asked for a right to habeas corpus they should know what were the reasons of the arrests.Lieutenants |lɛfˈtɛnənts|, were asked why they were arrested 1 reason order of the king judges asked why there was no trial. No specific crime and no specific accusation so there couldn`t be any trial. Knights had no chance to be tried they were political imprisoners. 5 knights died in prison. King was immediately criticized for illegal actions.
When he summoned parliament again in 1628 parliament declared that money the king needed could only be given when king signed the document which people called the petition of right. It was necessary to write this petition. One of the MPs was very talented lawyer and politician whose name was Sir Edward Coke () - outstanding lawyer unfortunately for Charles he was fond of history he reminded the parliament that the situation like that had already happened in the 13th century-king John ignored law and arrested illegally the great charter of liberties by barons was written. It turned out that in the 17th century Magna Carta was still in action. Those poor knights who were imprisoned also got the rights. Parliament decided to write a new Magna Carta new version for the 17th century Petition of Right (know the provisions) (1628) Causes a) people disagree with the collection of forced loan b) case of 5 knights c) violation of freedoms of Magna Carta. It contained the same ideas as the document of the 13th century. The idea that no person could be arrested without grounds. Protection against arbitrary (done without any reason) imprisonment. What was more people could not be arrested for their political believes. It was necessary to reform the idea of due process of law. Not new ideas but provisions borrowed from magna carta. The petition of right tried to include some new ideas which were not reflected in the document of the 13th century. Protection against non-parliamentary taxation. During the reign James I parliament simply stated that, but in 17th it was reflected in the document. Parliament made an attempt to regulate the finance the sources of income the king had. Idea to protect the nation against non-parliamentary taxation. Charles had no money to maintain army so he decided to make people maintain () the army. It was a responsibility of local people to serve the soldiers. Government didn`t maintain the army at all. This was to be stopped due to the petition of right. Freedom from quartering () troops (). Finally as parliament was afraid that the king could use army against the nation freedom from martial law () it could not be acted during the peace time. 1628 king signed it in hope to get so subsides from parliament but the king had no intention to obey the points of the document. Charles I signed it but believed as it was a petition that he could simply humbly () refuse to follow it. He signed it without any intention to obey he stated that he had no other option and this petition was signed under pressure. He repudiated this document faced a new way of confrontation with parliament. From 1628 up to 1640 Charles reigned without parliament. King was rather successful. King`s reign from 1629 to 1640 improvement of the financial situation several factors 1) it improved because a war with Spain came to an end. 2) It improved because England improved trade relations it was peaceful that time 3) customs duties 4) one of the colonies in America Charles had 3 colonies one of them the 1st one Virginia started to produce tobacco extremely profitable business. Apart from objective reasons Charles tried to get money partly legally. He collected so-called ship money special tax on the one hand it was quite legal to collect this tax this tax was called ship money as people were supposes to build battle-ships to protect country. Ship-money should be paid by all the nation not only by the people who live near sea and who suffered from the invasions. Charles focused on some laws which were laws that were no longer remembered made long ago and were forgotten. Reintroducing of the forest law according to the law people were punished if they used the royal forest. People violated this law because they knew nothing about the law. They had to pay fines for the violation of forest laws. Those who lived in royal forests were supposed to abandon their houses and got homeless. There was another law according to which people with certain income people had a right to become knights. When a new monarch was crowned a number of people who had right to do that became knights. They were less important for the 17th century but unfortunately during his coronation no person in England made an attempt to become a knight so there was an obligation to become a knight. So as they failed to do that Charles to decide to punish them and confiscate their property seizure (|si:ʒə| - ) of property of @knights@. Charles was massively criticized for behaving illegally. Reason why he needed parliament at the end of 1630`s there were plans to reform the church of England William Laud religious reform of Archbishop of Canterbury. Problem of the reform fact was that people believed that some catholic traditions were returned to England and people were not quite sure that the king was a real protestant. They thought that he could secretly convert into Catholicism. People didn`t support the religious reform. But anyway they in England they obeyed it. But Scotland didn`t because it was more independent. People decided to protect their church against aggressive reform. Charles needed additional money to end the rebellion in Scotland. 1640 he made an attempt to summon parliament again. 1) The Short Parliament (April-May 1640) 2) The Long Parliament (November 1640-1653). The main problem SP refused to give money but discussed steps made by king. The LP promised to reach an agreement the LP promised to finance the king but the king was supposed to put an end to religious changes + abolish the Court of Star Chamber + get rid of people who made a reform + Charles had to sign a law which guaranteed the existence of Parliament and included some important provisions the Triennial Act (1641) (|trʌɪˈɛnɪəl| ) Parliament had to be summoned every 3 years. During 3 years parliament had to have at least once session in 2 moths long. The king couldn`t impose any ship money or tax without parliament. King couldn`t punish people for violation laws with knighthood etc. Taxation the only prerogative of Parliament. King signed the act in February. In may there was another law that king had no right to dissolve parliament only parliament decided when to be dissolved. It was dissolved by Oliver Cromwell in 1653. Parliament and the king coexisted for about half a year. Parliament enjoyed the reforms and king the stability.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Civil war (1642-1649)
Causes of Civil war
1) Rebellion in Ireland (1641) A catholic rebellion catholics |ˈkæθlɪks| in Ireland made an attempt to gain the same power as protestants. Though parliament cooperated with the king, MPs were still unable to find out what were religious plans of the king. People were not sure whether Charles was a real protestant. MPs decided to right a document which consisted of grievances to the king Enactment of the Grand Remonstrance (1641) as a result appeared 2 groups in parliament people who favoured grand remonstrance (parlamentaries) and people who thought that king could be trusted (royalties). Charles was frustrated (upset and got angry) when he received the document and decide to arrest MPs who were his opponents. The idea that the king could use army against the parliament = king was dangerous. Reform government , . Attempt to initiate constitutional reforms (The Nineteen Propositions)(1642)) Proposition . Parliament got control to maintain the army, to control the budget and to plan the budget, to control all religious changes in the country right of the parliament to appoint members of Privy Council. These propositions were give to the king to sign but he vetoed London was in hands of those who supported the reform king left the capital. First Civil war (1642-1645). This was not as massive as civil war in Russia in 1918. Only 10 percent of population took part in it. Powerful businessmen financed parliament. King was supported by Scotland but king was short of money. Soldiers start obeying because they didn`t get the payment. The battle of Nasebee(?) civil war results Arrest of Charles I first time in the history when Charles was a king kept imprisoned. On the one hand it was necessary that he should be limited. There was a chance for rehabilitation (sm. Napisanie). Outbreak of the Second Civil War(1648-1649) and second defeat of the royalists. Radical MPs stated the Charles could not do better second war was an evidence that even in prison he will be able to ask everybody to fight against parliament. He was put on trial. He was accused of high treason because he acted against the nation and his people killed representatives of the nation. There were no courts who could decide whether the king was a criminal or not he refused to participate in trial. In 1649 he was beheaded (exucation). Short period when England was a republic.
|
|
|
3 Chief officers in Privy Council ()
500 MPs in the middle of the 17th century
quatering
Marshalllaw
Customs duties
puritants extreme protestants
to plead make a statement: prove innocence or guilt.
property qualification (else: gender, age, tax qualifications)
decenders those who have other religious beliefs.
tories bandits (?)
whigs horse thieves
Parties didnt choose their names
insult .
Declaration of Indulgence
Trigger a referendum, trigger an initiative ,
suspendapenallaw . penal -
detain a person
Habeas Corpus in Russia 48 hours
Glorious revolution bloodless. Glorious because the Parliament won.
Sedition ,
