The Republic of Bashkortostan is a sovereign republic within the Russian Federation. March 23, 1919 marked the birth of the Bashkir autonomous republic and it became sovereign on October 11, 1990. The Head of the State is the President.
Bashkortostan is located along the South Urals on the very junction of Europe and Asia.
The nature here is varied and beautiful high mountains covered with thick forests, numerous rivers and lakes. The climate is continental with warm, sometimes hot, summers and cold winters.
Its territory is more than 143 thousand square kilometres. It is larger than Bulgaria, Greece, Portugal and many other European and Asian states.
The population is more than 4 million people. About one hundred nationalities live in peace here.
Bashkortostan is rich in oil and gas and oil extracting and oil refining are leading industries in the republic.
Bashkortostan is both industrial and agricultural region. It can meet its own demands in agricultural produce such as meat, milk, vegetables and others. Bashkortostan is famous for its delicious honey and koumiss a kind of drink made from mare-milk. Koumiss is considered to be good for ones health. A lot of people come to Bashkortostans numerous health resorts and sanatoriums to improve their health.
There are 20 cities in the republic. The largest ones are Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Neftekamsk, and Oktyabrsky. The capital city is Ufa. It was founded in 1574. The population is over a million. Ufa is the centre of industry, education and culture. There are many industrial enterprises in the city. The largest of them is a petrochemical complex comprising three oil refineries, a factory producing synthetic spirit and a chemical plant.
Industrial enterprises influence not only the economy, they change the city, they improve the well-being of the population and intensify the development of science, culture and art.
There are 8 universities and institutes and about a dozen colleges where young people can go to continue their education.
Bashkortostan gave the world quite a number of outstanding personalities. Among them the Russian opera legend F. Shalyapin, a ballet dancer R. Nurijev, some modern pop and rock singers and groups known all over the country.
In Ufa there are a lot of places of interest for a tourist to see museums historical monuments, art exhibitions, theatres. But visitors find the Bashkort people and their traditions most fascinating.
Bashkortostan with its hardworking and friendly people is sure to become a prosperous republic within renewed Russia.
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BASHKORTOSTAN
The Republic of Bashkortostan-a sovereign republic within the Russian Federation was proclaimed on October 11, 1990. The head of State and the top official is the President. The supreme body of the legislative and representative branch is the bicameral State Assembly Kurultai. The highest executive organ is the Cabinet of Ministers of the R.B. Bashkortostan is located along the South Urals and the adjacent plains. Its territory is 143,600 square km and the population is over 4,000,000 people. About a hundred nationalities inhabit Bashkortostan: Bashkirs, Russians, Tartars, Chuvashes, Maris, Ukrainians, Germans. The Republic numbers 20 cities, the largest being Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Neftekamsk, Oktyabrsky. The capital city is Ufa. The city was established in 1574. the population is 1.1 million people.
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Rafael I. Baydavletov is Prime Minister of the R.B. There is an increasing number of companies with a mixed ownership form, the said companies emerging as a result of privatization. The ratio of the numbers of state-run, privately- and mixed-owned manufacturing companies is, respectively, 44:13:39, whereas the corresponding ratio of capital investments in construction is 27:21:45.the production output in manufacturing, this ratio is 10:5:85, whereas the respective numbers for the volume of contracted works in the construction industry are 22:21:54. There also evolve various forms of businesses. The Government of Bashkortostan plans to render a substantial assistance to farmers individual facilities, since it is these facilities that account for 57 percent of the Republics total meat output, 95 percent of potatoes, 78 percent of vegetables and 55 percent of wool. A major role in the development of the market economy infrastructure is played by more than 30 commercial banks, 25 insurance companies as well as a commodity and stock exchange, over a dozen of investment funds and companies, a network of outlets selling stocks. The most acceptable forms of cooperation are direct investments, foundation of joint-venture companies, sales of joint-stock companies shares, training and upgrading personnel, establishment of branches and representation offices of foreign forms. The Republic welcomes small and medium foreign investors in the sphere of food industry, services, trade and tourism. The Government shall provide guarantees to the investment projects approved by the Cabinet of Ministers. There are plans to create economically favoured zones providing business entities with tax and other payment benefits and an advantageous environment for the influx for foreign and domestic capitals. The mighty economic potential and R&D capability, as well as sovereignty status within the Russian Federation facilitate fruitful development of the Republics foreign economic ties. The dominant export items are fuels (61.2%), chemical and petrochemical products (30%). Among the items imported by the R. of B. are machines, equipment and vehicles (40.5%), fuel and mineral raw materials (5.3%), metals (11.3%), chemical products, fertilizers, rubber (16.9%), food and agricultural raw materials (7.4%). the Ministry of Foreign Ties of the R. of B. conducts state regulation of foreign ties, promotes the operation of managing bodies and coordinates the activities of ministries, agencies, administration of cities and districts in the sphere of international economic, cultural, scientific, technological and other ties with foreign countries.
Ranking second in the Urals region in terms of manufacturing potential, the R. of B. is a largest industrial centre of Russia, the two dominant multi-branch complexes being machine-building and technologically and economically interrelated oil and gas extracting, oil refining, petrochemical, chemical and microbiological industries. The engineering sector is most developing and promising. Bashkortostan numbers about 130 companies of 25 branches of machine-building which are largely dedicated to oil and gas extraction and processing, chemistry and petrochemistry, mining. Electrical engineering and instrument building are developing as well as the automotive industry. Sterlitamak is the centre for machine-tools and pipelayers production, Neftekamsk for vehicle fabrication, Uchaly for timber procurement machinery, whereas Beloretsk is famous for metallurgical business. Defence-oriented companies and R&D institutions possess high-capacity production facilities, state-of-the-art equipment and manufacturing processes. Switching over to civilian production, they launch high-tech items, including new equipment and technologies capable of competing both domestically and internationally. The dominating in the industrial potential of Bashkortostan are extracting industries oil, gas and coal production, mining, timber procurement. The majority of oil fields are located in the north-west and west of the republic, with substantial reserves near Ishimbai. Bashkortostan stands unchallenged among the CIS (the Commonwealth of Independent States) countries in terms of oil refining, the largest facilities being located in Ufa, Ishimbai and Salavat. They produce various brands of petrol, kerosene, diesel, mineral, oil, coke, bitumen and furnace fuel. Bashkortostan is a leading centre for chemical and petrochemical industries, the most prominent petrochemical businesses being the Ufaorgsintez Joint-Stock company, Kauchuk Joint-Stock company (Sterlitamak), the Tuimazy Technical Carbon Factory, Salavatnefteorgsintez Production Association. Among large mainstream chemical companies are the Soda Joint-Stock company (Sterlitamak), the Khimprom Production Association (Ufa), the Minudobreniya Association (Meleuz). The chemical sector fabricates soda, synthetic alcohol, herbicides, plastics, synthetic rubber and some other items. Bashkortostan possesses favourable conditions for developing ferrous industry. The number one metallurgical company is the Beloretsk Metallurgical Combine producing steel, pig iron, rolled stock, assorted metal items and steel ropes. Nonferrous industry is represented by copper-pyrite ore and gold producing and dressing companies. Bashkortostan ranks fifth in Russia in terms of plywood production, which is fabricated by the Ufa Plywood and Housebuilding Combine. Saw-mills are located in Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat and Meleuz. The construction industry is represented by largest specialized contractors dedicated to constructing industrial premises,, oil and gas as well as agroindustrial companies.
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Historical and cultural monuments, a wealth of literary works, folk arts, music and fine arts all combine to make the Republics culture rich and varied. It is not accidental therefore, that it is Ufa that was selected in 1995 to be the venue of the 16th International Singers Competition named after Glinka. The Republics theatres participate in Russian and international festivals. Each coming year brings new names to big-time arts, whose maintenance and development is being considerably encouraged and sponsored by the Republics Government. Of wide renown leading amateur dance ensembles are Irandyk and Yondoz (Baimatsky District), Lyaisan (Uchalinsky District), Aghidel (Salavat) and Enghiye (Ufa). They represented Bashkir artistry at international festivals in Kaliningrad, Anapa, Italy and Spain. The environment of national statehood enables to preserve and develop both the traditional culture of Bashkirs and ethnic cultures of nations inhabiting the territory of Bashkortostan
According to natural conditions the territory of Bashkortostan can be divided into three parts western, mountainous and Bashkir Trans-Urals. The western part is located upon the Russian Plains. It is hear that the majority of the population lives. Mountainous Bashkortostan encompasses the South Ural Mountains. Bashkir Trans-Urals forms a narrow strip to the east of the Ural Mountains along the Republics eastern border merging with the West Siberian Plains. Bashkortostan climate is continental, with moderately warm, sometimes hot summers and cold winters. More than 600 rivers and 800 lakes trim the beauty of the republics nature. Many of them including the largest the Ural and the Aghidel belong to the Caspian Sea basin. Bashkortostan is rich in forests covering one-third of its area. The predominant species are birch-tree, conifers, lime-tree, oak and maple. Its the lime-tree that makes Bashkir honey world-famous. The latters taste and bouquet, as well as the superb quality of the famous healing koumiss (fermented mares milk) are contributed to by a rare combination of the vegetation growing on forest glades, edges and meadows, in the rolling Bashkortostani steppes. The south-east of the land, in the upper reaches of the Aghidel, is the location of the Bashkir Preserve which boasts up to 750 plant species, about 200 species of birds, and where bears, foxes, elks, hares and other animals roam at large. The fragrant air of the hilly and steppe areas, medicinal mineral waters of various compositions and properties, curative mud all contribute to making the Republic of Bashkortostan a major health resort. A wide chain of camping and tourist centres offers various kinds of recreation: hikes, tourism on horseback, in horse-drawn sledges and on skis, sailing down on Aghidel on rafts, catamarans and canoes.
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The leading educational institutions of the R.of B. are Bashkir State University, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa State Institute of Arts, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Bashkir State Agrarian University, Bashkir State Pedagogical University, Ufa Technological Institute of Service, Sterlitamak State Pedagogical Institute, Birsk State Pedagogical Institute. Professional education of the R. of B. has rich history. The first educational institution implementing the program of higher education Ufa Teaching Institute was formed in 1918. It was reorganized in 1929 to the Institute of National Education, then to the Pedagogical Institute, and in 1957 to the Bashkir State University. Now the general enrollment of the students in the institutions is 54,100 people, where 37,000 are full-time students. Professor and teaching staff in the institutions is about 5,000 people, with more than 450 doctors and 2,500 candidates of science(s). The number of the instructors in the secondary educational institutions is about 4 thousand people. Nowadays24 dissertation boards function on the basis of higher educational institutions. The main resource potential of scientists (about 75% of all scientists with scientific degrees) is concentrated in the higher educational institutions. Here successfully function acknowledged in the whole world scientific schools in organic chemistry and high molecular combination, car construction and pressure processing of metals, petrochemistry and oil refining. Last years the process of changing status of higher and secondary educational institutions is being carries out intensively. Four leading higher educational institutions obtained the status of universities these are Ufa State Aviational Technical University, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Bashkir State Agrarian University, Bashkir State Medical University and 24 secondary special educational institutions were reorganized to colleges.
