Suffix derived nouns, adjectives, verbs.
Prefix derived adjectives and verbs.
| |origin |tive |ant | |
|-ness |L. |n. |adj. |alertness, goodness, |
|-ity |L. |n. |adj. |darkness. |
| | | | |convertibility, humidity, |
|-ism |L. |n. |n. |banality, activity |
| | |n. |adj. | |
| | | | |Leninism, Platonism |
|-ship |E. |n. |n. |pacifism, Americanism, |
| | | | |newspaperism |
|-dom |L. |n. |n. |friendship, ladyship, |
| | | | |horsemanship, partenship |
|-ment |L. |n. |v. |earldom, sheriffdom, |
| | | | |savagedom, boydom |
|-ation |Gr. |n. |v. |denotement, astonishment, |
|-ery |L. |n. |n. |pavement |
|-acy |R. |n. |adj. |indication, realization, |
| | | |n. |activation, expectation |
|-age |R. |n. |n. |peasantry, scenery, cattery|
| | | |v. | |
|-ed |E. |adj. |n. | |
|-y |L. |adj. |n. |profligacy, retiracy |
| | | |v. |delegacy, piracy |
| | | |adj. |readerage, spindleage, |
|-ish |E. |adj. |n. |footage |
| | | |adj. |fosterage, breakage, |
|-en(-n) |E. |adj. |n. |standage |
| |E. |adj. |n. |feathered, minded, |
|-less |Gr. | |v. |passioned |
|-ly |E. |adj. |n. |bony, furry |
|-ful | |adj. |n. |sleeply, chattly |
| |E. | |v. |blacky, paly, plumpy |
|-some | |adj. |n. | |
| | | |adj. |maidish, Irish, dampish |
| |E. | |v. |coldish, blackish, baddish |
| |E. |adj. |num. |flaxen, wooden, silken |
|-fold |E. |adj. |n. |homeless, brotherless |
|-worthy |L. | |v. |changeless |
| |L. |adj. |n. | |
|-like |L. |adj. |v. |brotherly, yearly, lively |
|-able |E. |adj. |n. |beautiful, chearful, topful|
|-ous |E. |adj. |n. | |
|-an(ean, ian) |E. |adj. |adj. |wakeful, forgeful |
|un- |E. |adj. |adj. |brothersome, venturesome |
|in- |E. |adj. |adj. |gaysome, darksome |
|non- |E. |adj. |adj. | |
|a- |L. |adj. |adj. |troublesome, quarrelsome |
|self- | |adj. |adj. |fivefold, tenfold |
|well- |L. |adj. |adj. |loveworthy, shameworthy, |
|ill- |L. |v. |n. |readworthy |
|-ize | | |adj. |showworthy |
| |E. |v. |n. |deathlike, wifelike |
|-fy(-ify) |E. | |adj. |drinkable, actable |
| |L. |v. |n. |envious, villainios |
|-ate |L. | |adj. |European, African, |
| |E. |v. |adj. |Darwinian |
|-en |E. |v. |v. |unreasonable, unpracticed, |
|un- |E. |v. |v. |unimportant, unintentional |
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|de- | |v. |v. |inartistic |
|dis- |E. |v. |v. |non-human |
|mis- |L. |v. |v. |achromatic, anhydrous |
| |E. |v. |v. |self-acting, self-recording|
|under- | | | | |
|over- | | | |well-aged, well-born |
| | |v. |v. |ill-advised, ill-disposed |
|up- | |v. |v. | |
|re- | |v. |v. |characterize, vaporize |
| | | |n. |specialize, realize |
|be- | | |adj. |electrify, testify, damnify|
| | | | | |
| | | | |acidify, humidify, |
| | | | |pacificify |
| | | | |vaccinate, fossilate |
| | | | |activate, syllabicate |
| | | | |gladden, soften, redden |
| | | | | |
| | | | |unbend, unshoe, uncork, |
| | | | |undeceive |
| | | | |decode, deforest, deplume |
| | | | |disagree, disjoin, dishouse|
| | | | | |
| | | | |mistake, mishear, mislike |
| | | | | |
| | | | |underline, underwork, |
| | | | |underact |
| | | | |overbuild, overpass, |
| | | | |overdrink, overlive |
| | | | | |
| | | | |uphold, uprise |
| | | | |recline, reread, |
| | | | |repaganize, repaper |
| | | | | |
| | | | |beset, bekiss, bespeak, |
| | | | |becrowd |
| | | | |belimb, becloud, |
| | | | |bedim, befool |
14) Word composition (compound words which are built up from 2 routes; criteria of a compound word, peculiarities of English compounds, different types of classification of compound words)+examples!
Ways of forming words (according to A.I. Smirnitskiy):
Word-formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns.
As a subject of study English word-formation is that branch of English lexicology which studies the derivative structure of words and the patterns on which the English language builds new words. Like any other linguistic phenomenon, word-formation may be studied synchronically and diachronically.
There are 2 typesof word-formation in Modern English:
1. word-derivation being of 2 kinds like affixation and conversion
Word- composition
There is every reason to exclude the shortening of words, lexicalization, blending, acronymy from the system of word-formation and regard them and other word-forming processes as specific means of vocabulary refreshment. Sound-and-stress interchange in Modern English are a means of distinguishing between different words, primarily between words of different pa5rts of speech.
The degree of productivity and factors favouring it make an important aspect in synchronic description of every derivational pattern within the 2 types of word-formation.
Three degrees of productivity are distinguished for derivational patterns and individual derivational affixes:
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1. highly productive
productive or semi- productive
non- productive
The most important problem is defining the source word and the derivative word. One of the criteria is that the word which is simplier is a source word, and the word which has more complex semantic structure is a derivative word.
a pen to pen()
a pen an instrument (the source word)
to pen an action with this instrument (the derivative word)
We can analyze the semantic relationship between the words in pairs.
a knife (the source word) to knife (the derivative word)
If we have an instrument, we presuppose that at first we have an instrument, and then comes an action with this instrument.
But:
a smile to smile
to smile a process
a smile the result of smiling process
Thats why a smile is a derivative word and to smile is a source word.
