Word-building as a subbranch of lexicology is closely connected with grammar. They are both interested in the morphological structure of words.
Semasiology is closely connected with stylistics which studies expressive means of the language.
Both stylistic and semasiology have the same object of study. That is the meaning.
Etymology in its turn is closely connected with the history of the language. Besides, lexicology is connected with phonetics.
Students books possessive case s - plural
Girl root morpheme
Lexicology is connected with text interpretation because it is mainly interested in the meaning of the word and in the context.
3) Homogeneous and heterogeneous character of the English vocabulary
Homogeneous ()
Heterogeneous ()
Approaching the English vocabulary sintagmatically at a given moment of speech, we may discover that it is systematic, in other words it is made up of homogeneous elements which possess certain properties which have much in common.
The vocabulary is a certain system of words and this system may be characterised as the sum total of words. But there were some scholars who claimed that the vocabulary of any language cant be classified and described as systematic because of the great number of words in it.
They insisted on the fact that in this respect the vocabulary is different from grammatical system. If we approach the vocabulary paradigmatically, we can discover that it is made up of elements which come into the language from different sources. In this respect the vocabulary is heterogeneous because it is made up of elements having different sources and origin and different ways of development.
The English language belongs to the Germanic group of language and to the Indo-European family of the language. But in the course of historical development due to the Norman Conquest the English language became very close to the Roman languages because about 50% of words in the English vocabulary came from France. We know quite well that the English language took very many words from other languages and in this respect there is no contradiction when we describe this vocabulary as homogeneous on the one hand when we approach it sintagmetically and as heterogeneous on the other hand when we study the origin of the words.
Some scholars exaggerate the mixed up character of the English vocabulary. And on this account they consider that the English language is the most suitable for being the international language.
4) Word definition (Arnold, Smirnitskiy). The difference between the word and a morpheme and a phoneme.
The word can be defined as a phonological unit because it is made up of phonemes. Every word carries some kind of information so it is the most important informative element of our speech. If we say that the morpheme is a bilateral unit: meaning and form.
The main difference between the morphemes and words that morphemes are divisible and the word possess indivisibility.
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All the definitions of the word differ from each other because different scholars concentrated their attention on different peculiarities of the word.
H. Sweet. He defines the word as the minimal sentence and concentrates his attention on the informative function of the word.
Bloomfield. He describes a word as a minimal form so he signals out the grammatical aspect of the word.
The French scholars tried to combine semantic and syntactic peculiarity of words besides they introduced the idea of the indivisibility. The word may be described as the smallest significant unit capable of functioning along and displaying different word forms.
Arnold (classical lexicology): He adds that the word possesses one more peculiarity and it is the positional mobility. He takes such a phrase as an example:
They slowly walked up the hill.
Its quite possible inversion and change the word order:
Up the hill they slowly walked.
Conclusion:
The word possess: positional mobility. Its possible to change the word order without destroying the meaning of the utterance. But the morpheme doesnt possess any positional mobility. If its a prefix, it comes before the root if it is a suffix it follows the root.
5) Word motivation (through sound shape, suffixes and prefixes)
May be describes as the relationship existing between the meaning of the word and its phonetical shape.
Morphological structure and semantic structure.
So motivation is closely connected with guessing the meaning of the word through its sound form, through the meaning of the suffix and prefix and through the word environment.
Type of motivation.
Phonetical. When there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those referred to by the sense, the motivation is phonetical. Examples are: bang, buzz, cuckoo, giggle, gurgle, hiss, purr, whistle, etc. Here the sounds of a word are imitative of sounds in nature because what is referred to is a sound or at least, produces a characteristic sound (cuckoo).
Morphological (prefix, suffix) hatless. The morphological motivation may be quite regular. Thus, the prefix ex- means former when added to human nouns: ex-filmstar, ex-president, ex-wife. Alongside with these cases there is a more general use of ex-: in borrowed words it is unstressed and motivation is faded (expect, export, etc.).
Semantic (help of the context) dont lead me by the nose. The third type of motivation is based on the co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word within the same synchronous system. Mouth continues to denote a part of the human face, and at the same time it can metaphorically apply to any opening or outlet: the mouth of a river, of a cave, of a furnace. Jacket is a short coat and also a protective cover for a book, a phonograph record or an electric wire. Ermine is not only the name of a small animal, but also of its fur, and the office and rank of an English judge because in England ermine was worn by judges in court.
