1. The forests of northern Russia, between Lake Ladoga and the White Sea, were once dotted with great ensembles of stone churches.
2. In 1966, Kizhi achieved the status of a national architecture and historic museum; in 1990, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. The supreme example of Russian wooden architecture is Kizhi's Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior, built in 1714 ostensibly in honor of Peter the Great's victories over the Swiss.
4. The core of the Transfiguration Church is a hexahedron, rising in three tiers and buttressed by extensions ("arms") at the four compass points.
5. The final element of the original pogost ensemble at Kizhi is a bell tower with a dome between and in front of the two churches.
6. The pogost, with cemetery, is enclosed by a low wall of horizontal logs on a base of fieldstone.
7. In departing Kizhi Island, the ponderous forms of the Church of the Transfiguration are again visible.
8. Located on open space in the southwest part of the island, the church formed the center of a pogost, a term which by the 14th century had come to mean an enclosed cemetery with a parish or district church.
V. Match the words and their definitions:
1) legacy; 2) refectory; 3) chapel; 4) parish; 5) apse.
a) a room used for communal meals, especially in a monastery or college; b) a large semicircular or polygonal protrusion, arched or with a domed roof, especially at the eastern end of a church;
) something handed down by a predecessor;
d) a small church, often a private foundation, as for a memorial;
e) an area having its own church and clergy.
VI. Translate into English:
VII. Translate into Russian:
The Church of the Resurrection of Lazarus
overwhelming profusion
rigorous structural logic
pine log
intricate pattern
elaborate superstructure
The Chapel of the Three Prelates
aspen shingles
modest charm
natural properties
leading preservations
VIII. What are these place names connected with in the text:
Lake Ladoga, the White Sea, Lake Onega, Kavgora, Kondopoga.
IX. Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases:
1) pogost; 2) "sky"(nebo); 3) architectural ensemble; 4) altar; 5) silhouette.
X. Retell the text.
The Sydney Opera House
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in New South Wales, Australia. It was conceived and largely built by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, opening in 1973 after a long gestation that began with his competition-winning design in 1957. The NSW Government, led by Premier Joseph Cahill gave the go-ahead for work to begin in 1958.
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It is a modern expressionist design, with a series of large precast concrete "shells", each composed of sections of a sphere of 75.2 metres (246 ft 8.6 in) radius, forming the roofs of the structure, set on a monumental podium. The building covers 1.8 hectares (4.4 acres) of land and is 183 m (600 ft) long and 120 m (394 ft) wide at its widest point. It is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25 m (82 ft) below sea level.
Although the roof structures are commonly referred to as "shells", they are precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs, not shells in a strictly structural sense. The shells are covered in a subtle chevron pattern with 1,056,006 glossy white- and matte-cream-coloured Swedish-made tiles from Höganäs AB, a factory that generally produced stoneware tiles for the paper-mill industry. From a distance, though, the shells appear a uniform white.
Apart from the tile of the shells and the glass curtain walls of the foyer spaces, the building's exterior is largely clad with aggregate panels composed of pink granite quarried at Tarana. Significant interior surface treatments also include off-form concrete, Australian white birch plywood supplied from Wauchope in northern New South Wales, and brush box glulam.
Of the two larger spaces, the Concert Hall is in the western group of shells, the Joan Sutherland Theatre in the eastern group. The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal height requirements, with low entrance spaces, rising over the seating areas up to the high stage towers. The smaller venues (the Drama Theatre, the Playhouse, and The Studio) are within the podium, beneath the Concert Hall. A smaller group of shells set to the western side of the Monumental Steps houses the Bennelong Restaurant. The podium is surrounded by substantial open public spaces, and the large stone-paved forecourt area with the adjacent monumental steps is regularly used as a performance space.
Active vocabulary:
performing arts -
to conceive -
go - ahead - -.
precast concrete -
pier - ,
rib -
matte-cream-coloured - -
uniform -
glass curtain wall -
to be clad - , ,
to be quarried -
off-form -
plywood -
brush box glulam -
venue - , -.
forecourt - ,
EXERCISES
I. Answer the following questions:
1. Which state of Australia is the Sydney Opera House located in?
2. Who was the architect of the Opera House?
3. How many hectares does the Sydney Opera House cover?
4. How deep are the concrete piers sunk?
5. What are the shells of the Opera House covered with?
6. What do the interior treatments of the building include?
7. Which group of shells is the Concert Hall placed in?
8. What is placed beneath the Concert Hall?
9. What external area is often used as a performance space?
II. Find in the text the synonyms for the following words:
to devise, permission, part, glossy, to cover, to provide, condition.
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III. Fill the gaps in the following sentences:
1. The Sydney Opera House was... and largely built by Danish... Jørn Utzon, opening in 1973 after a long gestation that began with his... design in 1957.
2. The building... 1.8 hectares (4.4 acres) of land and is 183 m (600 ft)... and 120 m (394 ft)... at its widest point.
3. The Opera House is... on 588 concrete... sunk as much as 25 m (82 ft) below sea...
4. Although the... structures are commonly... to as "shells", they are precast concrete... supported by precast concrete ribs.
5. The... are covered in a subtle chevron... with 1,056,006 glossy white- and matte-cream-coloured Swedish-made... from Höganäs AB.
6. Significant interior surface... also include off-form concrete, Australian white birch... supplied from Wauchope in northern New South Wales, and brush box...
7. The scale of the shells was... to reflect the internal height..., with low entrance spaces, rising over the seating... up to the high stage towers.
8. The podium is surrounded by... open public spaces, and the large stone-paved... area with the adjacent monumental steps is... used as a performance space.
