I have done I did
| 1.ij . I have bought a new car. 2. ij ( ). I have been a clerk for two years. 3. . I have found your keys. 4. 䳿 . I havent done any work this afternoon. ( , ) | 1. ij . I bought this car ten years ago. 2. ij, ( ). I was a clerk for seven years. And I am retired now. 3. , . Thanks. Where did you find them? 4. , , . I didnt do any work this afternoon. ( 䳿 ) |
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS AND PRESENT PERFECT
I have been doing I have done
| ij () . I am tired. I have been working hard the whole day long. | , . I have washed the dishes. |
| Used to | to say that something regularly happened in the past but no longer happens (an old habit, to emphasize repetition in past positive sentences) For past situations (which no longer exist) It is better not to use "used to" in questions or negative forms; however, this is sometimes done in informal spoken English. It is better to ask questions and create negative sentences using Simple Past. | I used to play tennis a lot, but now Im too lazy. (also would play tennis)
We used to live in a flat. (not |
| Would | expresses past repeated actions and routines not states would is slightly more formal, more bookish and can convey the idea that the speaker is reminiscing about the past. It is often used in writing to talk about the past in a misty-eyed, sentimental way. | When I was young, I would go for a walk before. (also I used to go) In those days people would draw water from the village well. When I was a child I would wake up to the sound of birds singing. |
| Be/Get used to | to express habitual actions and means be/get accustomed to, be in the habit of, it is not new or strange to me. | She is used to driving on the left. He is used to living alone.
Notice! not she is used |
| Was going to | Expresses actions one intended to do but didnt | She was going to buy a new watch but unfortunately she couldnt afford one. |
Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Put the verbs into present simple or past simple.
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1. .................. you.................................. (be) to America before?
No. This is my first time.
Did you know that Christopher Columbus.................................................. (find) America?
Really? I never knew it was lost!
2. When you........................... (sell) me this car this morning, you.............................. (say) it was trouble-free. Since then, the brakes........................ (fail) and the door................... (fall) off.
Well, sir, I did sell you the car but the trouble was free!
3. Doctor, I............................... (have) a sore stomach ever since I......................... (eat) three crabs last week.
....... they.................................. (smell) bad when you............................ (take) them out of their shells?
What do you mean - took them out of their shells?
4. Now,......................... everyone......................... (read) the chapter on Lord Nelson for homework?
Yes, sir.
Kevin, in which battle................................ Lord Nelson..................................... (die)?
Er, his last one, sir?
5. I............................... (buy) this diamond ring from a man in the street. It's for my girlfriend.
Are they real diamonds?
I hope so. If not, the man................................... just.......................... (cheat) me out of £5.
6. How's your sister?
She.......................................... (go) on a very strict diet to lose weight.
And how is she getting on?
Fine. She.................................................................. (disappear) last week.
7. Mrs Smith is very upset. She thinks she.............................. (lose) her cat.
When................................... she last............................. (see) it?
Four days ago.
Why doesn't she put an advertisement in the newspaper?
Don't be silly. Her cat can't read.
8. My dad....................... never................................ (visit) the dentist.
My dad will never go back to the dentist.
Why? What happened?
The dentist.................................................... (take) all his teeth out.
What........................... your dad......................... (say)?
Never again! Never again!
9. Robert was fishing in a private lake. An old man came up to him and asked:
.......... you ........ (catch) anything?
Yes. Three big fish since I........................................... (start) this morning.
My name is Lord Arton and I own this lake. Oh. My name is Robert and I'm a terrible liar!
Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form. (The Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous)
1. He often __ _ brings ___ (bring) me flowers.
2. _____________________ (you/meet) Paul yesterday?
3. Father _________________ (work) in the garden now.
4. What __________________ (you/do) at the moment?
5. Mr Jones _______________ (paint) his house last month.
6. He ____________________ (go) to school on foot every day.
7. It _____________________ (be) hot yesterday.
8. The baby __________________ (not/sleep) now.
9. He never ___________________ (drive) fast.
10. I ____________________ (not/take) John to school yesterday because he wasnt well.
11. Planes _____________ (take off) and ______________ (land) at Heathrow all day.
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12. Where is Mike? He ________________(stay) with his grandmother this weekend.
13. I _________________ (not/like) peanut butter.
14. What time ____________________ (your plane/leave)? At 7.45.
15. At what time _________________________ (the play/begin) last night?
16. What ___________________ (you/read)? Its a book by Barbara Cartland.
17. _____________________ (you/play) the piano? No, I dont.
18. Dennis Johnson ____________ (work) for an insurance company.
19. Mr Baker _______________ (come) home at 6 pm last night.
20. Uncle Victor is 88 years old. He _________ (see) everything and _________ (do) everything.
21. Dennis _______________ (not/like) his work much.
22. Last week he _____________ (sell) his car and _____________ (buy) a new one.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets. Then decide if each sentence is True or False. Check the factual answers after the exercise.
1. Greek actors (wear) wore masks and special boots. True
2. Spartan children (take) ____________ baths only two or three times a year.
3. The philosopher Socrates (drink) ____________ poison and died.
4. Alexander the Great's army (go) ____________ as far as China.
5. Heron of Alexandria (make) ____________ a kind of jet engine.
6. The Roman Emperor Caligula's name (mean) ____________ Happy Soldier.
7. Roman mathematics (have) ____________ no zero.
8. Most Roman girls (get) ____________ married at the age of 18.
9. Roman soldiers (pay) ____________ for their own equipment and food.
10. The Romans (know) ____________ how to make soap and cement.
All true except: d the army went as far as India; f Caligula meant Little Boot; h girls married at 14.
Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Past Continuous.
1. When I ____________ (come) home, my little sister ____________________ (sleep).
2. When Kate _________ (open) the door, the children_____________ (dance) round the fir-tree.
3. He__________________ (read) on the sofa when Jill ____________ (come) in and
______________ (sit) down beside him.
4. She _________________ (look) out of the window when I_______________ (see) her.
5. I ________________ (walk) along the street with my friend when a tram _________ (pass).
6. When I __________________ (wash) the floor, I __________ (find) my old toy under the sofa.
7. When granny __________________ (read) a book on the sofa, she ____________ (fall) asleep.
8. When Nick ___________ (ring) me up yesterday, I __________________ (help) my mother.
9. When Mike _____________________ (play) in the yard, he _______________ (find) a ball.
10. When I _______________ (prepare) breakfast in the morning, I ___________ (cut) my finger.
11. When I __________________ (go) to the stadium, I _______________ (meet) Kate and Ann.
12. When we ________________ (walk) up the hills it suddenly ______________ (start) raining.
13. When they _______________ (sail) down the river, they ______________ (see) a little island.
14. I _______________ (play) the piano when my mother ______________ (ask) me for dinner.
Exercise 5. Underline the orre t word or phrase in ea h sentence.
1. Whil I w shed/was washing my hair, th phon rang/ringed.
2. How did you felt/did ou feel ystrday aftrnoon?
3. Whn I got/w s getting hom I re eived/w s re eiving a phon all.
4. Last summr I w s going swimming/went swimming evry wknd.
5. Whn th dog bit/ws biting Lauras lg, sh s re med/w s s re ming.
6. W s ng/sung som songs and thn te/e t som sandwihes.
7. Whn ou fell/felt ovr th liff, what h ppened/w s happening nt?
8. Whil ar w shed-up/w s w shing-up, she broke/w s bre king a up.
9. While he took / was taking a bath, Archimedes discovered / was discovering the principles of density and buoyancy.
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10. When Edouard Benedictus, a French scientist, worked / was working in his laboratory, he dropped / was dropping a glass bottle which had some plastic inside and invented / was inventing safety glass.
11. Columbus arrived / was arriving in America while he tried / was trying to reach the Far East.
12. Alexander Fleming discovered / was discovering penicillin by accident while he looked / was looking at some old experiments.
13. While Hiram Bingham climbed / was climbing in the mountains of Peru in 1911, he discovered/was discovering the lost city of Macchu Picchu.
14. While Isaac Newton sat / was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell / was falling on his head, and he understood / was understanding gravity.
15. While Dr Harry Coover tried/was trying to invent a new kind of plastic, he made/was making a very soft substance which stuck / was sticking things together. It was Super glue.
16. While he observed / was observing the Moon throughhis telescope, Galileo realized/was realizing that it had mountains and craters.
17. I didn't s e/s w whr th bus stop was, so I w s missing/missed th bus.
18. What did ou do / wer ou doing whn I phon d/w s phoning you last night? Thr was no rply.
Exercise 6. Open the brackets. Use past simple or past continuous.
1. I ______________ (open) the shutters and_______________ (look) out. The car _____________________ (stand) where I had left it.
2. Suddenly I ____________ (realize) that they _______________ (not/pay) attention to me any longer. They _____________________ (mutter) something and all_________________ (look) in the same direction. I ____________ (turn) my head and __________________ (look) where they all ______________________ (look). A man ___________________ (come) slowly down a steep little street that ______________________ (lead) uphill between the house on my right.
3. On my left I ____________ (see) the lights of the first house of the village. And I __________ (hurry) towards it through the wood when a sudden flash of light __________ (make) me stop.
4. At that time I _______________________ (look) for the job.
5. Miss Nobs ____________ (not/see) him leave the house. At half past four she _____________ (make) herself a cup of tea in a small recess off the main corridor.
6. The idea first_______________ (occur) to me that afternoon as I _______________________ (back) the car into the garage.
7. I probably ____________ (drop) the key when I ___________________ (fish) for small change in my bag at the news-stand.
8. All through the night I _______________ (hear) them work, open drawers, drag cases over the floor. They ______________________ (pack).
Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets into past perfect or past simple.
1. They ______________ (eat) everything by the time I ______________ (arrive) at the party.
2. Last night I _____________ (arrive) home at half past twelve. I ___________ (have) a bath
and then I ______________ (go) to bed.
3. Nobody ___________ (come) to the meeting because Ann _______________ (forget) to tell
people about it.
4. When the police _________________ (arrive), the car _________________ (go).
4. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody __________________(go) to bed.
6. All the garages ________________ (close) by the time we ______________ (cross) the border.
7. I _____________ (try) telephoning her several times but she _______________ (leave) the city.
8. When we were on holiday, the weather ___________________ (be) awful.
6. The car _______________ (go) when I ___________________ (look) into the street.
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7. You already _____________________ (leave) when the trouble ___________________ (start).
8. When I _______________ (find) the purse, someone _______________ (take) money out of it.
9. We arrived at the cinema late. The film already ___________________ (begin).
10. Richard already __________________ (go) when his boss ________________ (call).
Exercise 8. Complete the sentence with the Past Simple or Past Perfect form of the verb in brackets.
1. When I (try) tried to use my laptop, I realized the battery (run) __________ down.
2. I (turn) __________ the computer off, but forgot that I (not save) __________ my work.
3. I only remembered I (not pay) __________ the bill when my Internet connection (stop) __________ working.
4. When I (receive) __________ the e-mail, I couldn't understand who (send) __________ it.
5. When I (check) __________ the instructions, I understood what I (do) __________.
6. I knew I (receive) __________ a virus when I (run) __________ the anti-virus program.
7. As soon as I (download) __________ the document, I knew I (make) __________ a mistake.
8. I could see what (go) __________ wrong as soon as I (look) __________ inside the printer.
9. I knew I (press) __________ the wrong key when nothing (happen) __________.
10. When the screen (go) __________ blank, I couldn't understand how it (happen) __________.
Exercise 9. Put the verbs into the Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.
1. It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours __ were having __ (have) a party.
2. We were good friends. We __________________ (know) each other for years.
3. John and I went for a walk. I has difficulty keeping up with him because he_______________ (walk) so fast.
4. Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She _________________ (run).
5. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full.
They _________________________ (eat).
6. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty, but their stomachs were full. They ________________________ (eat).
7. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He ______________________ (look) his contact lens.
8. When I arrived, Kate _______________________ (wait) for me. She was annoyed with me because I was late and she ______________________________ (wait) for a long time.
9. I was sad when I sold my car. I ____________________ (have) it for a very long time.
10. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We ________________________ (travel) for more than 24 hours.
Exercise 10. Use had or hadn't to complete the following:
1. When her daughter arrived home from a party, Mrs Thompson asked her if she ______________ (thank) her hostess. No, she said. The girl in front of me thanked her and the lady said Don't mention it so I didn't.
2. Here's your coffee, madam. It's a special coffee all the way from Brazil. Oh, I was wondering where you ________________(go).
3. A stressed managing director went to his doctor for help in getting to sleep. The workers at his factory ____________ (go) on strike. They wanted better pay and conditions. The director ____________ (try) sleeping pills but they ____________ (not work). The doctor asked the director to lie quite still in bed at night and to count sheep. The following day the director returned to the doctor's surgery. Well, said the doctor. Any success? I'm afraid not, he said. By the time I ____________ (count) the thirty-first sheep they ______________ (all go) on strike for shorter hours and lower fences.
4. Kenneth is so stupid. He phoned his teacher at school yesterday to say he couldn't come to school because he _________________ (lose) his voice!
5. A doctor _____________ (just give) a boy an injection in his arm. He was about to put a bandage on his arm when the boy said, Would you mind putting the bandage on my other arm, doctor? Why? I'm putting it over your vaccination so that the other boys will know not to bang into it. You don't know the boys in my school, doctor!
6. Mum! Mum! Dad's fallen over a cliff. Is he okay? I don't know. He __________________ (not stop) falling when I left.
7. A beggar stopped me the other day and said he ____________ (not have) a bite for days.
What did you do? I bit him!
8. It was my grandmother's birthday yesterday. Is she old? Well, by the time we lit the last candle on her birthday cake, the first one ___________ (go) out!
9. Harry Smith was sent to Central Africa by his company. He sent a postcard to his wife as soon as he arrived. Unfortunately it was delivered to another Mrs. Smith whose husband _________________ (die) the day before. The postcard read: ARRIVED SAFELY THIS MORNING. THE HEAT IS TERRIBLE.
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Exercise 11. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
1. Look! Somebody ________________ (break) the window.
2. I wonder if John _________________ (forget) my number. I ___________________ (expect) him to call for the past two hours.
3. You look very upset. What _______________________ (happen)?
4. You ____________________ (not finish) that book yet? You ___________________ (read) it for more than a week.
5. The meat must be nearly ready. I _________________________ (cook) it for nearly an hour.
6. What you _____________________ (do) for the last two hours? I _____________________ (sit) here working at this problem.
7. I ________________ (lose) my key. Can you help me look for it?
8. My brother is an actor. He _____________________ (appear) in several films.
9. Sorry! Im late. Thats all right. I ___________________________ (not wait) long.
10. She just __________________(sell) two of her paintings. Shes lucky. I _______________ (paint) for five years and I ____________________ (not sell) a single picture yet.
11. He _____________________ (sleep) since ten oclock. Its time he woke up.
12. I __________________ (pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth?
13. That boy _______________ (eat) seven ice-creams.
14. That helicopter ____________________ (fly) round the house for the last hour; do you think its taking photographs?
15. We ___________________ (walk) ten kilometers.
16. We ________________________ (walk) for three hours.
17. I ____________________ (work) for him for ten years and he never once say Good morning to me.
18. The radio _____________________ (play) since 7 a.m. I wish someone would turn it off.
19. He __________________ (study) English for two years and doesnt even know the alphabet yet.
Exercise 12. Complete the sentence with used to + the verb in brackets in positive, negative or question form.
1. What things used to be (be) different in the past?
2. For a start, all the continents ___________ (form) one large land mass.
3. Obviously, there __________ (be) cities and buildings, and forest covered a third of the Earth.
4. The climate was different, and animals such as the hippopotamus and rhinoceros ___________ (exist) in northern Europe.
5. Many mountains in Europe ___________ (be) active volcanoes.
6. Early people ___________ (live) in complex societies, but in small groups in places where they could find food.
7. What ______________ (eat)? They ____________ (eat) whatever they could find.
8. Early people _____________ (stay) in the same place, but ____________ (travel) long distances, following the animals they needed for food.
9. Jak ______________ (hav) a bard but h shavd it off.
10. My mothr ____________ (rad) to m vry night.
11. In th holidays w ________________ (mt) at th bah vry morning.
12. I _______________ (not lik) spinah, but now I do.
Exercise 13. Underline the correct form.
1. When the police stopped / were stopping Smith's car for a routine check, they realized that he was the man who robbed / had robbed the bank.
2. I woke up in the middle of the night and turned on / was turning on the light. Someone or something climbed / was climbing in my window!
3. Unfortunately Jan arrived / was arriving at the station at 3.25, and found that she missed / had missed the train.
4. The doctors tried / had been trying their best, but while they were performing the operation, the patient died / was dying.
5. We'd been watching the film for half an hour before we realized that we were making / had made a terrible mistake. We went / had gone into the wrong cinema!
6. On the morning of the accident, Mr Davis just finished / had just finished a night shift at a localfactory, and didn't have / hadn't had any sleep for24 hours.
7. I'm sorry I didn't answer / wasnt answering the phone earlier, but I was painting / had been painting the ceiling in my bedroom.
8. The office Marlowe was visiting was on the 15th floor, and unfortunately the lift wasnt working/hadn't been working, so by the time he arrived at the top of the stairs, he was / had been out of breath.
9. On Christmas morning when they woke up / were waking up, the children looked eagerly out of thewindow. It snowed / had been snowing, and thegarden was covered in a thick white carpet.
10. After the two film stars landed / were landing at the small airport, they left quickly in a van that was waiting / had been waiting for them since the early morning.
Exercise 14. Translate the sentences.
1. , . 2. ', ' . 3. , . 4. , . 5. ' ? . 6.³ , . 7. ? . . 8. ? . 1995. 9. . ? . 10. . , . , . 11. , , . 12. ³ ' . , . 13. 6:00 . ³ . 14. , .
SPEAKING/WRITING
Task. Topics for discussion (Speaking/Writing).
1. Name the four types of general purpose computers.
2. Explain the importance of learning about computers.
3. Describe the individual process of the computing cycle.
4. Distinguish between random access and read-only memory.
5. Speak on the way the information is stored in the computer.
6. Explain the uses of various kinds of peripheral devices.
7. Even if minis and mainframes were inexpensive, why it is unlikely that you would buy one for your home.
UNIT 3
PERIPHERALS
Vocabulary Bank Unit 3
Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:
1. advantage
2. application
3. approximate
4. attach
5. back up (n, v)
6. built-in
7. carbon paper
8. commonly known
9. comparison
10. dedicated
11. directly
12. dot-matrix printer
13. drawback
14. droplets
15. employ
16. feedback
17. hardcopy device
18. impact printers
19. improvement
20. inappropriate
21. ink-jet
22. inkless printer
23. keypad
24. keystroke
25. layer
26. layout
27. LCD ((Liquid Crystal Display)
28. legal documentations
29. non-impact printers
30. non-printing features
31. peripheral device
32. pixel (n)
33. power-hungry
34. precise dots
35. primarily
36. raster
37. resolution (n)
38. reveal
39. sales invoice
40. sensitive
41. significant
42. simultaneously
43. solid-ink printer
44. substantial
45. sufficient
46. technology
47. convert
48. enter
49. superimpose
50. transparencies
51. typewriter
52. vector-based artwork
53. versatile disk
54. visual aid
55. warm-up time
56. wireless
Text A. PERIPHERALS
A peripheral is a device connected to a host computer, but not a part of it, and is more or less dependent on the host. It expands the host's capabilities, but does not form part of the core computer architecture. The examples are input/output devices such as printers, image scanners, drives, microphones, loudspeakers, webcams, and digital cameras.
A keyboard is a human interface device which is represented as a layout of buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character to a computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer. Traditional keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer variations employ virtual keys. The way of connection is the same to printers.
A mouse is an input device that operates by controlling the position of the cursor (in the shape of an arrow) on the monitor. A mouse is a pointing device that combines the traditional cursor movements accomplished by pressing arrow keys with the means to select an object on the display screen. One or more buttons located on the top of the mouse enable you to choose options. Small portable computers sometimes use a built-in or attachable trackball in lieu of a mouse. Rolling the trackball with your fingertips produces the same results as moving the mouse.
Light pens, often used in stores, are able to input a large amount of data quickly by moving a light beam across a barcode. This converts the barcode into digital data that is usable by the computer. Other types of light pens are also used for computer-aided design (CAD) and pen-based computers; the latter interpret and convert human writing into computer form.
A scanner is an input device that acts like a miniature photocopy machine connected to a computer, copying graphic images into the computer and allowing typewritten pages to be entered without retyping. Scanners include both hand-held and desktop models. A scanner works by passing a beam of light across the original page or artwork and sensing the reflected light; it then assembles this information into a data file that describes the images as rows of tiny dots, each one noted for its colour and brightness. That file is then passed on to the computer.
Several devices are used to get the output from the computer. Monitors, which look like television sets, quickly display and redisplay the computer's output. They are often called VDUs (video display units), VDTs (video display terminals), or simply screens. The image displayed on the screen is composed of many rows of tiny dots, called pixels (short for picture element). The number and size of pixels determine the resolution (sharpness and clarity) of the display. The more pixels, the higher the resolution.
There are different types of display screens. The most common type is the LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor. It takes up little space and uses the same technology as that used for screens or notebooks. The CRT (cathode ray tube), is rather like a conventional TV. They can be monochrome or colour. Monochrome monitors show one colour, generally white, green, or amber, on a dark background. Colour monitors (often called graphics monitors) display text characters and graphic images in colour.
Speakers and headphones allow the user to hear audio data, such as speech or music, through the computer.
Printers create paper copies, called hardcopies, of information sent from the computer. Printers for personal computers are connected to the computer by a cable through a portthe location through which the computer exchanges information with an external device. A port has a physical connector and an address, so that programs know where to send information. The two basic types of ports are serial and parallel.
Post-reading activity
Task 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What peripheral devices can be attached to the host computer? 2. What are the functions of input devices such as a keyboard, a scanner, a mouse and a light pen? 3. What do you know about such output devices as monitors? 4. What kind of printers do you know? 5. What is a keyboard designed for? 6. Can you explain the difference between CRT and LCD? 7. What are speakers and headphones used for? 8. What is a printer? 9. How are printers connected to the computer?
Task 2. Match the terms in Table A with the definitions in Table B.
| Table A | Table B |
| 1. barcode reader | a) a piece of equipment that is connected to the central processing unit of a computer system. |
| 2. peripheral | b) a measure of the quality of a display screen in terms of the amount of graphical information that can be shown on the screen |
| 3. resolution | c) a symbol on the monitor screen that indicates the point on the screen that is being used |
| 4. cursor | d) an optical input device that uses the reflection of a light beam to read barcode labels |
| 5. keyboard | e) a common cursor control input device used with a graphical user interface. It commonly has 2 or 3 button switches on top and a ball underneath that is rolled on a flat surface |
| 6. mouse | f) the main electronic input device that has keys arranged in a similar layout to a typewriter |
Task 3. Complete the gaps.
1. The image displayed on the screen is composed of many rows of tiny dots, called .
2. Printers create paper copies, called , of information sent from the computer.
3. Monitors are often called VDUs (video display units), VDTs (video display terminals), or simply .
4. Peripheral devices can be classified generally as .
5. The quality of images on the screen is measured in terms of .
6. A mouse is an input device that operates by controlling the position of the .
