, . . , , , .. .
, , , . , . , , , ( ) .
- , , , - .
:
;
;
.
, .
, .
: - . - , . : -, , ; -, ( , ; ; ..).
, .
, : , , . :
( . consumption ) ;
I (I . investment ) ;
G (G . government ) ;
Xn () ().
:
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AD = C + I + G + Xn.
, , . , , .
AD ( . aggregate demand) , .
AD , (.9.1). AD . : MV = PQ,
,
, ;
Q , ;
;
V .
, AD .
, , . :
1. ( ), .. . , , , . . , . :
↑,→ / ↓,→ i ↑,→ I ↓,→ AD ↓.
2. ( ). (, ), , , :
↑,→ / ↓,→ ↓,→ AD↓.
3. . , :
↑,→ x↓,→ Xn↓, → AD↓.
, , , ( , , ), ( , , , ), , ( , ..).
, () (V) . , AD V; AD = f (, V). . AD. , ( ) AD (.9.1), A 1 D 1. , , . AD . A 2 D 2.
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, ( ).
, .
, AS ( . aggregate supply), , ( ) .
AS () ().
AS = = = Y.
(, , , ):
AS = + + +
, , AS. :
, ;
, , ;
, . , .
. . , , .
, . AS, (A 1 S 1) (2 S 2) (.9.1).
, :
(, , ). , AS . ;
AS ;
(, ): , , , , .
, , , , . , .
AS , AS ( ).
( 2 3- )
(, , ) , . ( , , , ) , . , , , , , .
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, , AS , , AS ( ) ( ).
: (AD- AS)
(.9.2).
, 1. Q 1, a Q 2. , , . , Qe. Q . .
, () (.9.3).
. Qe . , Q2, Qe. . , Qe. Q 1, Qe Q .
, ( , , ) . , (.9.4).
ADl AD 2 Q 1 Q 2, . AD 2 AD 3 Q 2 Q 3 3, , . () AD 4 AD 5 , 4 5, .
, ? , . () , . , (.9.4).
AD 5 AD 4 AD 5 AD 2, . : . , . -, , , . ( - , , , .) . , .
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AD - AS. , , AS, (.9.5). "" , AS , , , " " (.9.6).
, , , , (AD 1 AD 2), , , 2. , ( AS AS 1 AS 2). AD 2 , 3, ( AD 2 ). . Y *.