. " " (XI .), " " (XII .), " " (XI-XII .) .
" ". . - , .
XVII . . , XVII . . - . .
XVIII . (. , . ). . . , , . . , , , .
XIX . . (1794-1856), " " 30- . XX . . . , " " " ", .. . " " (. , . , . .). , , .
( " "). , . . . , . , . " ".
. 40-60- . " ". . (1828-1889). " " .
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XIX-XX . . (1821-1881). , : , , . , . . , : , .
- . (1828-1910) " ", , . " " . , , , .
. (1822-1885). " " (1869) . , .
. (1853-1900) XIX . "" " ", , . . " ", , . "" . .
. (1871-1944). . . . " " (1912). . " " , , . "" , , , , , , .
. " " (1953). , , , . .
. (1874-1948). , . (1911). . . 1916 . " ". , . 1922 . . , " " (1923), " . " (1923), " . " (1931). . : , , .
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, , , , .