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1. . . . . . . | 1 2 | 611 1021 | 4 |
2. . . . . . . | 1 | 1119 | 3 |
3. . . . . . | 1 | 1927 | 4 |
4. , . . . . . . . . . . P-V . . T-S , h-s' . | 1 | 3039 | 4 |
. 2.1
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5. . . . . . , . J-d . J-d | 1 | 4043 | 2 |
6. . . . . . . . . h-s . . . | 1 1 | 4348 4952 | 4 3 |
7. . . | 1 | 5254 | 2 |
8. . . . . | 1 | 5765 | 4 |
9. . T-S . . T-S | 1 | 6568 | 2 |
. 2.1
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10. . . . . , , . | 1 | 6978 | 3 |
11. . | 1 | 7882 | 2 |
12. . . . . | 1 | 8285 | 2 |
13. | 1 | 8586 | 1 |
14. . . | 1 | 8688 | 2 |
15. . . . . | 1 | 8996 | 4 |
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16. . | 1 | 97100 | 2 |
17. . | 1 | 100103 | 1 |
18. . . . . | 1 | 103110 | 3 |
19. . | 1 | 110111 | 1 |
20. . | 1 | 134145 | 3 |
21. . . | 1 | 146149 | 2 |
22. . . . . | 1 | 167172 | 2 |
2.2. .
2.2
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1. | 1 | 1 5 | 5 56 | 3 | ||||||
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1. . ., . ., . . . . .: , 1991. 225 .
2. . ., . ., . . . .: . ., 1973. 495 .
3. : . . ., . . . 1, 2. .: , 1975. 197 .
4. . . . ..: , 1958. 359 .
5. . ., . ., . ., . . .: . ., 1972. 303 .
(SI):
();
();
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. 4.1 .
4.1
a, g | /2 | |
P | , /2 | |
r | /3 | |
u | 3/ | |
, /2, /2 | ||
, , | L, Q | , , 2/2 |
N | , /, /, 2/3 |
, :
(1 = 1000 );
, , (1 = 1000 ).
, :
1 = 105 /2 = 750 . . = 1,02 /2 = 1,02 ;
1 ( ) 760 . . = 101325 /2;
1 = 4,1868 ;
1 / = 9,81 .
= + ;
=
= t +273,15,
, , , , , ; t , .
, , .
:
m
PV = mRT; (4.1)
PV = m RT, (4.2)
R , / ; m R (m R = 8314,3 / ).
R = 8314,3/m, (4.3)
m , /.
1
V = 1 3 . t 1 = 15 , 1 = 20 . t 2 = 80 . m 2, = 760 . . . m = 28 /.
1 V = mRT 1, m = 1 V / RT 1 , R = = 8314,3 /m,
m = 1 V m/8314,3 1.
1 = 1 + = 20*105 + 101325 = = 21,01325 *105 ,
1 = t 1 + 273,15 = 15+273,15 = 288,15 .
m = (21,01325 *105 * 1 * 28)/(8314,3* 288,15) = 24,56 24,6 .
,
P 1 V = mRT 1, P 2 V = mRT 2,
P 2/ P 1 = T 2/ T 1,
P 2 = P 1*(T 2/ T 1) = P 1 (t 2+273,15)/(t 1+273,15) =
= 21,01325*105 ( 80+273,15) /( 15+273,15)= 25,75*105 .
2 = P 2 = 25,75 * 105 10132524,74 .
: m 24,6 , 2 24,74 .
,
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|
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U .
u = U/ M / .
u u ,
du = (∂ u /∂ T)υ dT + (∂ u /∂υ) T dυ. (4.4)
, . .
(∂ u /∂ T) = (∂u/∂υ) T = 0,
, (4.4)
(∂ u /∂ T)υ = du / dT. (4.5)
, :
δ q = du + pdυ. (4.6)
(4.4)
δ q =(∂ u /∂ T)υ dT + [(∂ u /∂υ) T + P ] dυ. (4.7)
(υ = Const) (4.7) :
δ q υ = (∂ u /∂ T)υ dT. (4.8)
(4.8) ,
δ q υ/ dT = (∂ u /∂ T)υ = C υ. (4.9)
C υ , / .
(4.5)
C υ = du / dT. (4.10)
( = Const) (4.7) , = δ q / dT,
= =(∂ u /∂ T)υ +[(∂ u /∂υ) T + P ] (d υ / dT)
= C υ +[(∂ u /∂υ) T + P ] (dυ / dT). (4.11)
υ = RT = Const
dυ = RdT
R = P (dυ / dT)p. (4.12)
(∂ u /∂υ) T = 0 , (4.12) (4.11),
= C υ + R. (4.13)
(4.13) .
= / C υ . = 1,66, = 1,4, = 1,33.
h = u + P υ (4.14)
, , /. . .
, , . . δ q = 0.
:
υ k = Const. (4.15)
:
2/ 1 = ( 2/ P 1)(k 1)/ k ; (4.16)
υ1/ υ2 = ( 2/ P 1)1/ k ; (4.17)
2/ 1= (υ 1/ υ2) k 1. (4.18)
:
ℓ= ∆ u = υ ( 1 2) = R /(k 1) ( 1 2). (4.19)
2
∆ u 1-2 ∆ h 1-2 1-2. : 1 = 40 , t 1 = 80 ; : 2 = = 0,1 , υ2 = 20 3/. , R = 287 / , = 1 / , = 1,4.
:
2 = 1( 2/ 1)( k -1)/ k = 353,15(0,1/40)0,4/1,4 = 63,76 ;
υ1 = υ2( 2/ 1)1/ k = 20(0,1/40)0,714 = 0,277 3/.
υ = R = 1000 287 = 713 / .
:
∆ u 1-2 = υ( 2 1) = 206,33 /,
∆ h 1-2 = ∆ u 1-2 + ( 1 υ1 2 υ2) = 206,33 + (40*0,277 0,1*20)105 =
= 701,67 /.
: ∆ u 1-2= 206,33 /, ∆ h 1-2 = 701,67 /.
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