1:
1. . .
2. . .
3. .
4. . .
1. N24O7()?
1) 2Na() + 4() + 7() = Na24O7();
2) 2NaOH() + 2B2O3() = Na24O7() + H2O();
3) Na2() + 2B2O3() = Na24O7();
4) 2Na() + 4() + 7/22 () = Na24O7();
5) 4Na() + 8() + 72() = 2Na24O7().
2. ( ) :
2CH4 () = C2H2 () + 3H2 ().
.
3. ( /).
4. ( ) .
5. ( ), , .
6. , :
2N2() + 2() = 2N2O(); D0298 = 163,02 ;
NH4NO3() = N2O() + 22(); D0298 = − 36,69 .
7. ( ) :
SnO2() + 2C() = Sn(.) + 2CO(). ?
8. ( /).
9. ( ) .
10. ( ) ( 7) ?
11. , . . -()? . ?
o 22 () + 22 () = 3 () + 2 ()
(: Δ0 = -139,97 , Δ S 0 = -50,31 /, Δ G 0 = -124,98 , = 2782)
o 2 + 42 = 4 + 22()
(: Δ0 = -165 , Δ S 0 = -172,38 /, Δ G 0 = -113,6 , = 957 )
o 4HCl() + O2 = 2H2O() + 2Cl2
(: Δ0 = -202,44 , Δ S 0 = -365,97 /, Δ G 0 = -93,38 , = 553)
2:
1. . . . , .
|
|
|
2. . , . , .
3. ( -). . , .
4. .
1. :
2N() + 2() = N2() + 2().
2. 2F() + 32() = F23() + 3() 3 ?
3. 2(.)+(.)=2(.), 2 , 4 ?
4. + = , , 0,05 0,01 /, 510-5 /().
5. : +2=. = 0,03/, = 0,05/. 0,4. , 0,01/.
6. 1500 16 . 2, , , : ) 1700; ) 1300.
7. º 27 , 3?
8. 20 0,00099 1/., 40 0,00439 1/. .
1.
1.1.
() . , . .
. .
1.2.
: (3), (l). . .
. .
2.
2.1.
: , (). .
.
|
|
|
2.2.
0,5. (Na2S2O3), 0,2. . 2. , . : Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + SO2↑ + S↓ + H2O.
.
3. ( )
(Pb(NO3)2) KI, . ? . ? . ?
.
.
4.
2 H2SO4, 2 0,2 . . Na2S2O3 H2SO4 , . . .
.
5.
2 . , . (IV) . ? 22.
.
, .
3:
1. . .
2. , . .
3. . -.
1. 2N2() ↔ 2N() + 2() : [N2] =0,006 /, [N] = 0,024 /. N2.
2. N2() + 32() ↔ 2N3(); Δ = -92,4 , , : [N2] = 3 /, [2] = 9 /, [N3] = 4 /. .
3. , :
() + 2() ↔ 2() + 2(), [] = 0,02/,; [2] = 0,32/, [2] = 0,08 /, [2] = 0,08 /. 3 ?
4. :
) N2() + 32() ↔ 2N3(); Δ = −92,4;
) N2() + 2() ↔ 2N(); Δ = +179?
.
5. :
) 2() + 2() ↔ 22(); Δ = −483,6;
) 3() ↔ ()+2(); Δ = +179
?
6. :
) () + 2() ↔ 2(); Δ = +1725;
|
|
|
) 2SO2() + 2() ↔ 2S3(); Δ = −197
1) , 2) ? .
7. , 2 :
) ()+2() ↔ 22() + 2(); Δ = −42,7;
) 22O() ↔ 22() + 2(); Δ = +574 .
.
8. , :
N2() + 32() ↔ 2N3(); Δ = −92,4.
9. :
N2() + 2() ↔ 2N(); Δ = +179
) ;
) ;
) N2?
10. :
() + 2() ↔ 2(); Δ = +1725.
?
1.
(III) FeCl3 NH4SCN :
FeCl3 + 3NH4SCN ↔ 3NH4Cl + Fe(SCN)3.
() () () ()
Fe(SCN)3 . Fe(SCN)3. - .
( 2 ) (0,01) FeCl3 NH4SCN. 4 . () . : 2 1 NH4SCN, 2 1 FeCl3, NH4Cl. . . -, , NH4SCN, FeCl3 NH4Cl. :
. .
2.
2 (J2). . . -, , , , . :
+ ;
D0 < 0 .
.
3.
, , :
2CrO4 2- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O; Cr2O72- + 2- 2CrO42- + H2O.
- -
() ()
.
|
|
|
100 10%- 2Cr2O7. . , . . .
. .
, .
3.
1.
1. . . .
2. . . , , . .. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
1. 150 35 . .
2. (II) 200 42,7%. .
3. (II) 500 500 00? 500 80 , 00 38 .
4. 1,8 / 2S4 88% 300 1,3 / 2S4 40%?
5. ()2 500 1,5 . ?
6. uS4.52 (II) 40 5%?
:
1. 100 10%- .
2. 100 1 . .
3. 50 5%- (II) .
, .
2:
1. . .
2. .
3. . . -.
1. 200 9,97.103 . , 100 12,8 108?
2. 250 , 100 21,9 , 3,04.103 . , 3,17.103 , .
3. 250 3,167 . , 450 180 ?
4. 8750, 9600. , . , 48,6 ./, .
5. , 25 225 , 2,250. .
6. . , , , , , 0,1 , 268,16 .
7. 46,130, 2,340./. , , 3,82 100 , 46,480?
8. , 0,01 200 .
9. 200, 20 /.
10. , 3,47 250 , 2060 200. .
11. 18 15,5 Hg. , , 1,85 518 . (: 15,283 Hg)
|
|
|
12. , . , . , . , 100 262 900 . (: 3,276; 0,92)
13. 100 NaCl 1 100 CaCl2 1 ? ( )?
14. 3,6 ./. , 1 100 , 16,14, 16,6, . , 92,3% , 7,7% ? (: 78 /, 66)
15. , 8 108 100 , 36,33, 35. . (: 2,128 ./)
16. 20 0,2 25 2,88 . . . (: 64560 /)
3: .
1. . . .
2. . . , .
3. , . .
4. - . .
1. , , . : 2SO3, H3O4, (NO3)2, , Fe2(SO4)3.
2. Zn(OH)2 2- .
3. H3AsO4 1- .
4. Na+, Sr2+ : , , . . .
5. , :
Na2S + FeSO4 → FeS↓ + Na2SO4;
Ba(NO3)2 + MgSO4 → BaSO4↓ + Mg(NO3)2.
6. , -
Zn2+ + H2S = ZnS + 2H+;
CH3COOH + OH- = CH3COO- + H2O.
7. NH4OH 1,79.10-5. , 0,01.
8. , 0,1 NH4OH 0,425%?
9. , 0,001 0,002 1000 298 .
10. 1,22.10-8 / 25. .
11. 1 ? (3) = 1,9.10-9.
12. 3,0. .
13. , 2,5.10-5.
14. 0,1 , (3) = 1,82.10-5.
1. ,
1.1. . 1 : , , . 3-4 . -. . , , , , .
1.2. . 4-5 : , , . 3-4 . . . , . , .
2. ,
2 0,5 . ? . , .
3. ,
3.1. 1 1 . . ?
3.2. 1 0,5 . . . , l.
.
, .
1
1. pH 0,01 . , 4,2%.
2. pH 9,7. pH, 2 ?
3. , - :
) Fe3+ + 3OH- = Fe(OH)3; ) H+ + CH3COOH = CH3COOH.
2
1. pH 0,82%- (ρ = 1 /). .
2. - , pH 11,6?
3. - :
) CH3COH Ba(OH)2; ) Na2S H2SO4.
3
1. pH , 2 0,0824 ? .
2. , pH 10,3 10,9. , ?
3. , :
) HCN + O- = CN-+ H2O; ) 2++ SO42-= SO4.
4
1. - 4 , pH 10,3.
2. pH , 3 0,00162 ? .
3. - :
) CaCO3 HCl; ) Fe(NO3)2 KOH.
4: .
1. . .
2. , . .
3. . .
1. : Pb(NO3)2, KrO4, K2SO3, NaCl? - .
2. : ZnCl2, Na2SO4, K2SO3, KlO4? , - .
3. AlCl3 Na2S . - . , .
4. AlCl3 : HCl, KOH, ZnCl2, Na2CO3? - .
1. -
7 , 1-2 , .
| CH3COONa | ||
| Na2SiO3 | ||
| Na2CO3 | ||
| Al2(SO4)3 | ||
| ZnCl2 | ||
| CH3COONH4 | ||
| KCl |
. - .
2.
) 2-3 1 . ? . , , .
) 4-5 1 , . ? . .
3.
4-5 ( ). ? - .
