2.
.
. ( System of National Product and Income Accounts) 20- , (National Bureau of Economic Research), (Simon Kuznets). , . 20- ( prosperity) . , 20- - , , , . ( ) - , . 1929 - , 1929-1933 . 1930 (), . . , , . () 1987.
, () , . ( ): (); (); () : (); (); ()
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80- , . (), , ().
2.2.
(Gross National Product) - , ( ) .
:
. - , , .
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) ,
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. , . , , . . , , , .. , . , , , , , , , , , . ( ) , .
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, () . , , , , ; , ; , . . . , , $5, . $8, . $17, $25. , , , , .
1.
$5 | $0 | $5 | |
$8 | $5 | $3 | |
$17 | $8 | $9 | |
$25 | $17 | $8 | |
: | $55 | $30 | $25 |
( ), 55 $ (total output). (30 $), (25 $). , () . (25 $) , .. , (25 $). , , , . (.. , () ). : 55 30 = 25 ($). ( , , .), .
. , , . , , . () . . , , , ; , .. , . : 1) , , .. , .. , ; 2) , ( ) ( ). ( ) . , , . ( , , , .. , ).
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( ). , (Gross Domestic Product) - - (Gross National Product) . , ,, .. , . . , , . . 1%. , (, - , , . - - , ).
. , , , , . , , .
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1) ( );
2) ( );
3) ( ).
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, , , , , . :
( - ) + ( I) + ( G); + ( ), Xn (net export)
(consumption spending ) . 2/3 3/4 , :
Ø , .. ( , , , , 1 5 );
Ø , .. , ( , , , , ., , , );
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Ø ( , - ). ,
= + ( ) +
(investment spending - I) . , . :
Ø , : ) ) ( );
Ø ( );
Ø (- : ) , ; ) , ; ) ( ), .
(fixed investment). (inventory investment) , - , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , .
. (gross investment - Igross) , ( depreciation - A), (net investment Inet): I gross = A + I net . , , , . , (depreciation). capital consumption allowances, . , . .
, . , , . I net > 0, .. ( ), I gross > A, , , . I gross = A, .. I net = 0, , , . I net < 0, I gross < A. , , .
= + + |
= + ( ) |
(private investment), .. ( ), , .
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, , .. - . - (foreign investment) . , , (net foreign investment) . , .
(government spending - G), :
Ø ( , , , , , () );
Ø ( )
(government spending) (government spendings). , , , , , , .
(net export n). (export Ex) (import - Im) : Xn = Ex Im.
= () + (I gross) + (G) + (X n) |
̻
0 . (), .. . :
(wages and salaries) , , .. , , , , .. ( , ( ) , );
(rental payments) , ( , ) ( , , , , ; ;
(percent payments), , , ( , , , ( ), , );
, .. . - :
Ø , () ( (proprietors income);
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= + ( - ) + + + + + |
Ȼ
( ). , 7 , , , , ... .
, , , ( ). , , ( ), . , , , . , 1 ( )
$25 ( $25), : $5 + $3 ($8 - $5) + $9 ($17 - $8) + $8 ($25 - $17) = $25, : $5 + $3 + $9 + $8 = $25. , - $25.