35. , .
1. Geomarketing can give consumers useful local information. 2. Programming is breaking a task down into small steps. 3. Teleworking is increasing so more and more people have an office at home and arent computing to an office. 4. Alphabetical filing is very popular. To use it in office is particularly suitable. 5. Maintaining all of this and providing helpdesk services for our customers also costs us a lot of money. 6. Tracking is following the progress of a moving vehicle or person. 7. Broadcasting has long used antennae to transmit images and sound using the radio spectrum. 8. Saving your work on a computer is of great importance.
9. Ż
( ) to ( ) ( ). .
All bodies 2 are known1 to possess 3 weight4 , .
.
1. - (. , ): to say (is/are said) , to know (is/are known) , to find (is/are found) , , to expect (is/are expected) , to believe (is/are believed) , , to consider (is/are considered) c , to think (is/are thought) , , to suppose (is/are supposed) , , to assume (is/are assumed) , , to state (is/are stated) .
, - ( ); , , , . .
The lifetime of the equipment 2 is assumed1 to be 30 years 3 /, 30 .
This phenomenon 2 is considered1 as having arisen 3 from excessive heating , (-) .
2. : to seem , , to appear , ( ), to prove ( ), to turn out , to happen ( ),to occur ( ).
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In todays complex world communications 2 proved1 to be 3 not secure4 , .
3. : to be likely , to be unlikely , , to be sure , , to be certain , .
The instrument 2 is not likely1 to be damaged 3, if all rules are followed4 , , .
37. , .
1. Wi-Fi is known to provide wireless transmission of data over a short range. 2. Digital radio sets seem to be becoming less and less popular. 3. Google is certain to become the most widely used search engine. 4. New generations of mobile phone standards are expected to offer advanced services. 5. Laser cordless mouse is likely to be designed by Logitech company. 6. The cloud and cloud computing are thought to be among the buzz words of the year. 7. New anti-virus software is likely to protect against viruses and worms. 8. The problem with the copper pairs in the ground may seem to be rather difficult. 9. The £3 bn loss was reported to reflect the drastic deterioration of global outlook.10. A lot of companies are likely to go out of business. 11. The problem of the rapid increase in digitization and broadband networking should be considered to be settled. 12. Confidential Internet communications proved to be not secure. 13. In todays complex world, technical skills and negotiating skills appear to be both critical. 14. Competition between handset suppliers is said to be good. 15. The software industry is very likely to see big changes. 16. Traditionally, telecoms companies happened to make most of their profits from voice calls. 17. Most TV viewers are sure to need an aerial pointing in the right direction. 18. Windows is unlikely to remain the dominant force in software. 19. The experiment with CCTV () cameras which is believed to have proved successful will be discussed at the mobile world congress. 20. The rate does not appear to be much affected. 21. The conditions seem to have been poorly chosen. 22. The program is not considered to have been realized. 23. The affect was considered not to be of any importance. 24. The class of regulators can be thought of as composed of three parts. 25. Temperature would be expected to play an important role in this reaction. 26. Although many of these programs must be purchased separately, there appears to be one for virtually every operating system function.
10. ,
That lightning is nothing else but an electric spark has long been known , , , ( , , ).
38. , , .
1. That a radio message from civilizations on some of the planets should reach the Earth is quite possible. 2. That the sun is but a typical star is one of the most significant facts of modern astronomy. 3. That this fact is too important to be ignored does not require any further proof. 4. That the method is too complicated is obvious. 5. Whether the agreement will be signed is not clear. 6. Whether or not these cells interact with others has to be checked.
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39. , .
Benjamin Franklin (17061790) is acknowledged to be the founder of the theory of atmospheric electricity. At the time when theories to explain electricity were neither complete norwell founded the lightning was proved by him to be an electrical phenomenon. He was not the first to think of it but he was the first to prove it. His theory of electricity still appears to hold good. He is acknowledged to have invented a means of protection against the disastrous effects of lightning the lightning rod. Franklin`s theory at first seemed to be misunderstood both in his country and abroad. It is known to have been severely attacked by the leader of French scientists Nollet.
Franklin is recognized to have been a greater public figure who did as much as he could for enjoying a great popularity with his countrymen.
, .
1.
( ) ( ), , , ( ) . , . , . , - , . . .
We expect ǀ microprocessors to make ǀ the changes in control technology , . We believe ǀ much attention to be paid ǀ to the frequency stability of generators , .
1.1. , ,
, , . .
, : to expect, to believe, to assume, to know, to consider, to suppose, to want . .
40. .
1. We assume the simple wave form to act on the antenna. 2. We know radio electronics to surround us everywhere. 3. We know Ethernet to be the dominant network technology in the IT computing world. 4. Scientists consider the frequency stability of generators to be the heart of all radio transmitting systems. 5. Manufacturers of the magnetic shield consider it to be effective. 6. We expect the documents to serve experienced programmers. 7. The editor declared this multiformat audio test instrument to be the most important one. 8. The Intel developers want the computer to be noiseless. 9. Japan Electronics Show Association wants the International Broadcast Exhibition 2005 to be successful. 10. If Cleverbox want us to develop this software, then we should have approximately twenty software engineers. 11. Software as a Service will require ordinary users to have more powerful computers. 12. He wished the matter to be taken seriously. 13. We proved this suggestion to be wrong. 14. One would expect the true value to have a 90% chance.15. We regard these views to be self-evident. 16. She suffered him to use that date for the research ( : ). 17. I hate you to use my laptop ( : ). 18. Bohr recognized the substance as having a condensed ring system.19. We consider the program as consisting of three stages. 20. We have had the device repaired.
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1.2.
to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe . .
! to .
41. .
1. They saw his activity bring great success. 2. The group watched the computer operate. 3. Scientists see DBC (Direct Broadcast Satellite) provide better pictures and sound. 4. Vodafone and Sony feel their research partnership find new ways for successful work. 5. One cannot fail to see other countries tending for mutual cooperation.
1.3.
( . ausa = ) to cause , , ; to make ; to permit, to allow ; to enable ; to let , .
The sound pressure makes the pressure on the granules vary .
Keying the number in on a telephone causes the pager to beep .
! ( to be used), : ( ), .
The new method permitted ǀ these phenomena to be investigated ǀ thoroughly .
42. .
1. Variable current makes the diaphragm vibrate. 2. The inductance in a circuit causes the rise and fall of current to produce a voltage in the same circuit. 3. This force causes the electrons to be attracted to the cathode. 4. Bluetooth, a technology standard, allows digital devices to connect wirelessly. 5. A spreadsheet is a piece of software which allows data to be displayed and managed in a table format. 6. Word is great because it allows making text files easily. 7. UNIX provides multitasking, which allows simultaneous programs to be shared by several users at one time. 8. The decrease in the weight of the structure of airplane enables more passengers to be carried. 9. The technique permitted problems to be solved. 10. The pulse method enables thermodynamic equation to be formulated in a simple manner. 11. This sequence causes digitized images to be stored in core memory. 12. High temperatures allowed the reaction to be carried out in two hours. 13. Digital television enables viewers to interact with the content and provide feedback to the programmer via telephone line, cable or satellite. 14. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) allows sensors in warehouse to monitor deliveries. 15. The power of the modern microcomputer enables it to be used for all kinds of tasks. 16. The business lets customers manage their sales data. 17. App Engine lets users run custom applications. 18. Let us consider this question. 19. Let us imagine that this new model of computer has come on the market. 20. Different kinds of parallel processing software may permit synchronization to be achieved.
2.
WHETHER IF
whether if .
Franklin did not know whether current flows from the positive or negative terminal , .
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43. .
1. Employees are deciding whether to accept the offer. 2. How do I test whether Java is working on my computer? 3. It is necessary to decide whether this statement is true or false. 4. We do not know whether the universe as a whole is finite or infinite in extent either in space or in time. 5. We failed to discover whether data is available. 6. Check whether you can access other Web pages? 7. Thus it would be of great importance for us to know whether the manufacturer`s claims are actually true. 8. West Africa geophysicists carried out surveys to see whether there were any oil reservoirs underground. 9. We try to learn if the value is changeable.
44. .
1. It was stated the conclusion was right. 2. Dave Wells said the new office only needed satellite phones. 3. The approach means it is virtually impossible for the entire Net to crash at once. 4. Greg says he will check her network card with a ping test. 5. Microsoft believes cloud computing is a transformational technology that offers huge opportunities for firms and their customers.
45. , .
Men of science consider Lobachevsky to be a great mathematician. The whole world knows Lobachevsky to have strictly demonstrated and explained the principles of the theory of parallel lines. We consider him to be a great organizer of popular education, and we know him to have written much on the problems of education.
Lobachevsky was born on December 1, 1792 near Nizhny Novgorod. His father died when he was only a child, leaving his family in extreme poverty. The family moved to Kazan where Lobachevsky was admitted to the gymnasium. We know his progress to have been extremely rapid in mathematics and classics. At the age of 14 he entered the University of Kazan where he is known to have spent 40 years as a student, assistant professor, and finally rector. Under his direction great improvements were made at the University. We know an observatory to have been founded and equipped and a mechanical workshop to have been established.
For 2200 years all the mankind believed Euclid to have discovered an absolute truth. Lobachevsky proved Euclid`s axiom on parallel lines not to be true. He built a new geometrical theory quite different from that of Euclid. We know his ideas to have greatly influenced not only geometry, but mechanics, physics, astronomy as well. Like Galileo, Copernicus and Newton he is one of those who laid the foundation of science.
46. , .
Telephone Problems
Though we expect telephone to have convenience and speed it also has the power to convey a poor impression of the efficiency of individuals and organizations and create confusion and irritation.
Telephone firms encourage customers to make telephone calls as they seem cheaper than sending a letter. Many organizations calculate that the average cost of sending a letter is about £ 25, which allows the customers to buy a lot of telephone time even at current rates. But telephone calls do not necessarily save time and in business time is money. We have all suffered from the irritating waste of time caused by bad telephone manners. Sometimes to make a call takes us longer time than it takes to write or dictate a letter.
Perhaps the principal cause of the telephone inefficiency is that although the standard telephone allows a customer to perform oral communication, it doesn`t yet transmit visual communication. Facial expression, gestures and posture not only help people convey the real meaning of words, but are often the principal means of feedback in face-to-face conversation. They allow misunderstandings to be instantly corrected. Without visual communication we expect such typical problems as missed words, misheard words, misunderstood words to occur.
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Process control ; control process ; semiconductor device ; reduction cost ; delay line store ; low power consumption ; fraud risks , .
47. , .
a) Test operation, operation test, satellite dish, broadband speeds, cost reduction, power consumption, a bespoke solution, Internet access devies, data network providers, power consumption change, size reduction need, network management application, solid state storage device,high speed computers, relatively cheaper source material, the cheapest source material,local exploration office, national fibre backbone, a user`s location, the world`s third largest telecom equipment manufacturer.
b) 1. Transistor performance was steadily improved. 2. All our customers need is a broadband pipe into our network cloud. 3. The geophysicists did not find evidence of underground oil reservoirs. 4. It should support our voice and email requirements. 5. In the mountains regions they are erecting point to point microwave towers. 6. High-performance servers require high performance network connection. 7. We have a ten-strong Application Implementation team. 8. This analysis provides a specification or Software Requirements Analysis.
1.2. ,
An increas ing size ; partially chang ed operations ( ) .
! The boil ing water ( I ); the boil ing temperature ( ).
48. , , .
a) An operating device, an existing software product, a slowly operating device, digital switching equipment, the increased complexity of the designs, commercially produced devices, twisted copper pair, packetized voice over Internet, the advantage of carefully prepared silicon surfaces.
b) 1. Developing countries seek to upgrade their telecoms networks. 2. 3G (and coming soon, 4 G and LTE) is a well-established wireless network in developed countries. 3. Chess playing computers probably provide the best examples of machines exhibiting what might be thought of as intelligent behavior. 4. Mobile Wi-Max supports both fixed and mobile applications with improved performance. 5. Copper fixed lines are being rolled out. 6. Historically, in-country, we have had poor fixed line infrastructure. 7. One recently invented microelectronic functional element has a distinction. 8. Several assigned channels were transmitted and received from the antenna atop this tower. 9. Talking Software is an SME-sized software development company.
2. , : ) ( ),
B) , C) , D)
! ( ), ed, , :
) The event under consideration ;
b) The shift possible is used ;
c) The way of developing materials ;
d*) The reliability concerning the device points , ;
d**) The technique being developed is of great importance /, , ;
d***) The dimension required () ;
d****) The delay associated with the interconnection is dependent on two parameters , , .
49. , .
a) A network operator in charge, the chip under development provides, the problem in point, difficulty of manufacturing switching systems, the instrument available can provide, benefit resulting from microelectronic, a computer network covering a local area, an educational laptop being produced, a wafer of silicon spoken about is heated, software delivered as a service
b) 1. There are about three million computers in use in the world now. 2. The concept of cloud computing under consideration is far from new. 3. Telecoms companies under discussion made most of their profits from voice calls. 4. From the information available, the technology under consideration demands substantial design efforts. 5. There will not be fibre available to the customers` premises for at least two years. 6. This method of recording, editing and distributing audio, video and sound files served as an efficient means of organizing the project.
50. .
1. There are dominant factors limiting device performance. 2. So there are redundant connections and services coming into the country. 3. Processors using the K5 architecture are fully compatible with software applications for Windows. 4. A RAM module holding 40 components was described at the Electronic Components Conference. 5. Open source software being used is becoming more and more popular. 6. The signal being transmitted varies continuously, both in frequencies and in amplitude. 7. The device used was mechanically strong. 8. Circuits developed consisted of two layers. 9. John, would you mind explaining the workstreams involved? 10. The explanation offered was rather uncertain. 11. The most common device used for input on microcomputers is the keyboard. 12. Circuits developed in the new project had two layers. 13. Time delays associated with interconnection made of different materials have been considered. 14. The mouse developed by the Logitech firm and known as Mouseman has an asymmetrical form for the right or left hand. 15. Data recorded in the form of magnetized dots can be arranged to represent coded patterns of bits.16. More murky sources include phishing software planted by computer hackers.
2.1.
, , , , - .
The information to be stored is taken from the journal , ( ), .
. . , , , .
Equipment to operate under water has been designed , ,
51. .
a) Reliability to be achieved, the components to be fabricated, a wireless network to be established, software to be manufactured, the concept to be referred to in the paper, a map of the local area to be displayed on the device screen, some dirty or unclean data to be removed.
b) 1. The convergence of technologies is the problem to be studied in the next twenty years.2. The cloud and cloud computing are new terms to be explained. 3. The alternative method to be considered is contactless payment.4. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the cost of high-quality GPS (Global Positioning System).5. Polysilicon to be used meets all of the requirements addressed above.7. Also, the programs to be verified will have to be well constructed, to make the job easier.8. A problem to be solved by a digital computer must be expressed in mathematical terms that the computer can work with. 9. Because of their ability to remove any dirty or unclean data this software is in operation.10. The quality of speech signals to be transmitted may. degrade. 11. The primary factors to be considered are signals power and noise power. 12. The computer to be made will have a cycle time ( ) of two nanoseconds.
2.2.
the first, the last
, , - .
Dr. Brown was among the first researchers to test the new software on aphasics , .
52. .
1. Telecoms companies were among the first to give their customers facilities such as Internet access or mobile telephony. 2. A Blackberry (a type of hand-held device) was the last to be mentioned. 3. The Barclaycard was the first business contactless payment system to be launched in London. 4. The operating system is the first program to be processed after the computer is turned on. 5. The first to achieve a chain reaction were the Jolio Curies. 6. Giles Sequeira, 40, a property developer from London, is one of the first people to test the new privacy marketplace.
53. , . 1 2.
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3.
54. , .
1. These surveys produced a lot of data which needed to be sent back. 2. The computer can display the data on a monitor screen, of which there are several types. 3. Field size determines the maximum number of characters or numbers that can be stored in a field. 4. Modern business needs people who can solve problems. 5. Another application that has steadily grown with microcomputer use is electronic mail.
, , . , . (, , ) .
Equally important are the effects | the microcomputer has had on homes and schools , .
55. .
1. There are now lots of applications you could download. 2. I`m sorry to hear about the business issues you are experiencing. 3. The capacity of a computer memory is the volume of data the memory unit can hold. 4. All computers use the same basic techniques for carrying out the tasks we give them. 5. Entering text is done through the keyboard; the text you type shows up at the cursor. 6. Many computer operating systems allow the user to install or create any user interface they desire. 7. Application software is what makes a computer a tool for performing the tasks we often need to complete at school, at home, or at office. 8. They could install the bespoke software we have developed. 9. The few calls he made and emails he sent were digitally recorded and archived for three years. 10. The Pentium processor is currently the most powerful processor Intel offers for the personal computer.
,
56. , .
1. The results described do not prescribe a specific method of synthesizing data compression system:
a) , b) , c) .
2. Satellites using very short microwaves could make high capacity communication between cities cheaper:
a) , b) , c) .
3. The machine can also shift the sounds being played:
a) , b) , c) .
57. , - ed .
1. The article published suggested a different reaction:
a) published, b) suggested.
2. The data obtained outweighed those that we had had before:
a) obtained, b) outweighed.
3. The recent talks resulted in the agreement just signed:
a) resulted, b) signed.
58. , .
1. We should decrease the rate of information to be sent
through the channel:
a) , b) , c) .
2. The problem to be solved at this stage is an entirely geometric one:
a) , b) , c) .
59. , .
Major steps in the growth of computer technology
The first transistor developed was the junction transistor. Nearly all transistors today are classed as junction transistors ( ).
Throughout the years there were developed new types of junction transistors that performed better and were easier to construct. When first introduced, the junction transistor was not called that; it was the cat`s whisker ( ) used in the first radio receivers in the 1920s. Shockley and his crew resurrected () it, a mere imposing name sounded much more scientific. The junction transistor of 1948 was further modernized in 1951, with the development of the grown () transistor. The technology for manufacturing transistors steadily improved until, in 1959, the first integrated circuit was produced the first circuit on a chip.
The integrated circuit constituted another major step in the growth of computer technology. Until 1959, the fundamental logical components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, first in the form of relays, then transistors.
In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional discrete components such as resistors, inductors and capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work. These components were about the same size as packaged transistors ( ). Integrated circuit technology permitted the elimination of some of these components and integration of most of the others on the same chip of semiconductor that contains the transistor. Thus the basic logic element the switch, or flip-flop, which required two separate transistors and some resistors and capacitors in the early 1950s, could be packaged into a single small unit in 1960. That unit was half the size of a pea.
The chip was a crucial () development in the accelerating pace of computer technology. With integrated circuit technology it became possible to jam () more and more elements into a single chip. Entire assemblies of parts could be manufactured in the same time that it previously took to make a single part. Clearly, the cost of providing a particular computing function decreased proportionally. As the number of components on a integrated circuit grew from a few to hundreds, then thousands, the term for the chip changed to microcircuit.
( ) ( ), , .
We study English at the University. Yesterday he got up a little earlier. He always comes in time.
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: in order to, so as, so that, lest ( / ) | He reads a lot of books in the original to master the language | , |
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| In order to get better results we must work hard | , | ||
| He closed the door quietlyso as not to disturb anyone | , |
60. . . , ?
1. You must use such device to produce output in a human-readable format. 2. To produce output in a human-readable format was our aim. 3. To produce output in a human-readable format you must use such device as a printer. 4. A printer is a device to produce output in a human-readable format.
61. , .
) 1. To understand how to use a computer one must fully appreciate its design. 2. Processing is operations on data to convert them into useful information. 3. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second. 4. To make computers more reliable transistors were used. They were applied to reduce computational time. 5. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. 6. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. 7. Analytical engine was invented to store data. 8. Disk drives are used to read and write data on disks.
b) 1. I had to borrow money from the bank in order to set up the business.2. In order to demonstrate the effect Table 1 is given.3. To perform this work one must have all the necessary equipment.4. Data are processed to become useful information.5. Should BT or AT&T provide home TV services to replace their declining telephony revenues?6. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) will tag all goods to make them identifiable at all times throughout the supply chain.7. Cleverbox is struggling to integrate with their own HR, Sales and Procurement application due to different data formats.
c) 1. Bus fares in the city are being cut so as to encourage people to use public transport.2. Input devices are used to enter data into primary storage.3. As a scanner, the Sigma 100 can be used to enter photographs as well as documents into a computer.4. Instead of a mouse, they have a touchpad built into the keyboard a sensitive pad that you can touch to move the pointer on the screen.5. It is designed to be placed on your desk.6. A laser printer uses a laser beam to fix the ink to the paper. 7. In order to avoid complex calculations in bytes, we use bigger units. 8. Enter is pressed to select options from a menu or to start a new paragraph. 9. It is important for the model to be accurate but simple enough. 10. We need more traffic cameras so as to reduce crimes. 11. Different applications of digital technologies were used lest there be carbon emissions.
2.
2.1.
|
( ) ( ). : after, before, without, by, through, on (upon), In | After reading the text we shall be able to answer these questions Only after having used these device we could improve the process quality. ( Perfect Active , , - ) | ( / , ), . ( / , ), |
, , |
| Mr. Black went out without saying a word | , | ||
| By using the data the scientists could prove the research. ( +by , ) | // ( ), | ||
| (Up) on reading the textwe shall be able to answer the questions. on (upon) | / ( / ), | ||
| In solving problems it is necessary to distinguish between a fact and a hypothesis. ( + in ) | / () ( / ), | ||
| Through working with young children for the last 40 years, she has come to understand their behaviour better than most | / , /- , 40 , , |
62. , .
1. By working hard, she passed her maths exam. 2. In explaining his project he forgot one point. 3. We keep data and programs in memory systems where they are available for processing. 4. We use the term data processing to include the resources applied for processing of information. 5. They can be used as mobile phones or as personal organizers for storing notes, reminders and addresses. 6. Accelerate your digital lifestyle by choosing a Pentium at 4.3 GHz. 7. An ink-jet (or bubble-jet) printer generates an image by spraying tiny, precise drops of ink onto the paper. 8. Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped. 9. I cant go to this place without having prepared my calculations first.
2.2.
| ( ). , , ; , | + | His being sent to London was quite unexpected to us I heard of your friends having accepted your offer | , , , |
63. .
1. Excuse my interrupting you. 2. Excuse my having interrupted you. 3. We thought of their improving methods of production. 4. We have never heard of his having belonged to this scientific society. 5. I hate the idea of your wasting your time.
3.
3.1.
| Active Voice ( ) | Passive Voice ( ) | - | |
| Participle 1 | sking doing | Being asked Being done | |
| Participle 2 | Asked done | ||
| Perfect Participle | Having asked Having done | Having been asked Having been done |
3.2.
|
( ) ( ); while, when, if, in spite of, Although | 1. He left the room saying that he was in a hurry | , ( ; ), | . + ( Perfect Participle). - |
| 2. Having visited the art exhibition, the students organized a discussion | ( ; , ), | ||
| 3. Being invited he said he would come to our evening party | ( ), , | ||
| 4. Having been warmed to 0 C ice began to melt | , 0 C, ( ) | ||
| 5. This melting ice keeps the same temperature while /when smiling | , ( ) | ||
| 6. When translated this article was sent to the editor | ( ), | ||
| 7. If increased, the prices influence the standard of living | , .( , ) |
64. , .
1. Using the energy of the atomwe produce electric energy at atomic power plants. 2. Electronic computers perform both arithmetic and logical operations, making it possible to control the process under rather complicated conditions. 3. The syntax and semantics of these languages are very sophisticated, making the translation to machine language a complex process. This means that a space program must be flexible and diverse, making it possible to explore completely new fields. 4. Strictly speaking, this finding means that this hypothesis cannot be rejected. 5. Being not visible software makes possible the effective operation of computer system. 6. Being obtained the results of the research were analyzed. 7. Having obtained the required results we informed the manager of this fact. 8. Having invented magnetic tapes the Germans used them as the secondary storage medium. 9. Having finished the research the scientists made the analysis of the data obtained. 10. Having been constructed recently a new electronic device has important applications in space exploration. 11. Having been regulated by the operator the equipment operated well. 12. Having been coded the instruction was transmitted to the central processing unit. 13. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 14. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical systems.
65. , .
1. While operating with graphical interface people usually use such manipulators as mouse and track ball. 2. Having translated the program into machine language the computer architect put the program into the machine. 3. Digital programming implies the preparation of a problem for a digital computer by putting it in a form which the computer can understand and then entering this program into the computer storage unit. 4. When properly programmed computers do not make computational errors. 5. While having no moving mechanical parts electronic memories can transfer data at very high speed. 6. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog computers. 7. The designer left the office having looked through all the documents. 8. Having discussed the functions of storage units we passed on to the consideration of control processing unit. 9. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure. 10. When using a microcomputer you are constantly making choice to open a file, to close a file, and so on. 11. Having limited the information capacity of a single bit to two alternatives the computer designers expressed data by a combination of bits. 12. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language.
13. When choosing a monitor, you have to take into account a few basics. 14. Having been introduced in the early 1960s magnetic disc storage has replaced magnetic tape storage. 15. Having been transmitted to the central processing unit the instruction made arithmetic-logical unit perform some computations.
4.
.
, . , .
1. /D. Mendeleyev/ having arranged the elements in a table, / the existence/ of yet unknown elements //could be predicted// , /.. / //// , .
2. /The CPU/ //controls// the operation of the entire system, /commands/ being issued to other parts of the system , .
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with. , , , , .
With the experiments having been carried out, they started new investigations , ( , ) , .
66. , , , , .
1. Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called random access memory. 2. The information capacity of a single bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are based on combination of bits. 3. Primary storage having similarity to a function of the human brain, the storage is also called memory. 4. Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechanical parts, their data access time being longer than that of electronic memories. 5. For this reason most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage, electromechanical memory being used for secondary storage. 6. The necessary data having been obtained, we would continue our experiment. 7. Data having been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated. 8. Other theories having so far proved inadequate, dynamo theories of the origin of solar fields are regarded as the most promising. 9. With the technology developments going on at its present rate, companies in every industry sector will see big enormous changes. 10. The session was over, with many aspects of the problem left unsolved.
67. . . .
! () .
, .
1. Having returned to the accumulator the results of the arithmetic operations are transferred to main storage. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the accumulator, the storage register transferring them to main memory. The results of the arithmetic operations being returned to the accumulator, the storage register transfer them to main memory. Being returned to the accumulator the results of the arithmetic operations are transferred to main memory.
2. The elements having unknown properties cannot be used for experiments. The elements have unknown properties, experiments with these elements being impossible. Having unknown properties the elements cannot be used for experiments. The elements having unknown properties, experiments with them are impossible.
3. When passing through a conductor free electrons form an electric current. Free electrons passing through a conductor, an electric current is generated. Free electrons pass through a conductor, an electric current being generated. Free electrons passing through a conductor form an electric current.
4. Instructions being obtained, the control unit causes other units to perform the necessary operation. Instructions are obtained, the control unit causes other units to perform the necessary operation. Having obtained the instructions the control unit causes other units to perform the operation. Obtaining the instructions the control unit causes other units to perform the operations.
5.
, .
| , | ||
| : where , ; , | Where there is a will there is a deed | , |
| : when , as , , while , before , , after , , as long as , till, until / | Consistency will increase as the process progresses | , |
| : though, although, while , whereas , , , , even if | Although the new method can be used to study these systems we shall use the old one | , |
| : that , in order (that) , , lest | Two different sources were used, lest there be interference | , |
| : so that , | They gathered together round the table so that they could review the procedures they now follow. | , , |
| : as , since , , for ( ) , , | Since computers are faster at calculations, they can test every possible move on the board | c , () |
| : if , unless , provided, providing that , | If I just touch the wrong button by mistake I`ll louse all my work | , |
