1
, .
, .
, , , , .
: , , , , , , . .
1. . . . . . . . .
:
1. . , .
2. : , , . . .
3. . . -, , . - . .
1. . .
_______________________________, [1] ________________________________, [2] ____________________________ [3] _______________________________
[ ] ___________________________
2. ().
| , . |
. 1. .
: _____ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
. 2. .
, : , , , .
|
|
|
2. . . . . .
:
1. : , , .
2. .
3. () .
4. .
1. .
, :
________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. () .
: _____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
| , () ___. -_________________ (). |
. 3. ( , )
3. : () .
, ____________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
, _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
, ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
A
|
B
| . . . |
. 4.1. (A) (B) .
2 
| . . , . |
. 4.2. .
|
|
|
, (), .
4. () , .
| (gNa) (gK) . |
. 5. , ( ) .
| () | |
| ( ) | |
| ( ) |
3. . . . .
:
- . , . .
- − , , .
- . .
- . . .
- : (). , , , ).
- . . . .
- . .
- . .
- : (), . . .
1. ()
| , : 1 _________________________________________ 2 _________________________________________ 3 _________________________________________ 4 _________________________________________ _________ _____________________________________________ __________________________ _____________________________________________ |
. 6. .
2. .
| : | |
| 1. , 2. (), 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. | a. , b. , .. , c. , d. , e. , f. . |
. 7. .
3. .
| , , . ________________________________________ |
. 8.
3.
.
| A | |||
| B | |||
| C |
:
|
|
|
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
, , , . , , , .
, , : , , .
, , : ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ , : _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
3. .
| : 1. . 2. Z -. 3. -. 4. . 5. 6. . |
| . 9. . | |
| __________________________________ | |
______________________________ : ___________________________________________________________________ : _________________________
|
| . 10. . |
:
| 1. . 2. . 3. . | - : __________________________________ _________________________________________________________ |
4. .
- , . . ++ , . . , . , .
| : 1. . 2. . 3. , . 4. . |
. 11. ().
5. .
4.
| - | ||
6. .
|
|
|
. - .
. . , , , - .
: .
. . . .
.
.
4. . . . .
:
1. .
2. . .
3. .
4. . . . .
5. . .
6. .
7. . . .
8. - .
1. .
| : 1 ; 2 ++ ; 3 ; 4 ; 6 , ; 7 ; 8 , ; 9 , . |
. 12. - .
2. , .
6
| () |
| |
| ()
|
| |
: , , .
3. .
| ______________________, _____________. , . ___________________________ |
| |
| . 13. . |
4. , ( ).
| ++ | |
5. , .
| () , : 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . ( ), . 5. . |
. 14. , .
|
|
|
6. .
. . , () , . . , .
.
. 15. , .
6. . . . .
:
1. ( (), , , ). . .
2. : , , .
3. . .
4. . .
5. . .
6. : : , () .
7. (): . : , , , , , .
8. : ; - , , . , , .
9. : , ( ),, ().
1. :
Ø __________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
Ø _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
Ø _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
Ø ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
. 16. ...
1. .
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
1. | ||||||||||||
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||
. 17.
|
|
| ||||
|
| 
| ||||
|
| Ø Ø | |||
|
| |||||
|
| ||||
|
| |||||
|
| ||||
|
| |||||
|
| Ø Ø Ø | |||
|
| |||||
|
| : | ||||
. 18. .
2.
:
1 ; 2 ;
2 ; 3 ;
4 ; 5 .
|  :
1 ; 2 ;
3 ; 4 .
|
. 19.
:
_________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________
3. .
| : ) (): ü () . ü () . ) () : ü () ü . |
. 18. .
7. . . .
:
1. : (, , - (), ).
2. : , (, , , ), .
3. . .
4. .
5. ().
6. .
1. .
| NMDA | ||
| , | ||
| - | - - | |
| GlyR |
, , , , ______________________________________________, ______________________________________________________________________ ( )
2. . .
| , . ______________ - , . ______________ |
. 19.
3. .
. 20. .
, , - , (substantiagelatinosa). , , , , , , , , - . - _____________________________________________
4. .
, . , . () .
. . .
. , . . . 21. . , . 21. A. . , .
| 
|
. 21. , : ; (). − .
8. . () (). , , . .
:
1. () : . - , , .
2. (). . , . . - .
3. . . , , . . . .
4. , .
5. - . .
6. .
7. . .
1. .
| 
|
. 22. .
, .
.
2. ( ).
|
| . 23. , , . , , (A, B, C) . . |
, .
|
|
| ||
| α1 | |||
| β1 | |||
| α1 α2 |
| ||
| β 2 | |||
| ˸ | β | ||
|
| α1 | . | |
| β 2 | |||
| α1 β1 β 2 | |||
| α 1 β1 β 2 | |||
| α1 β 2 | |||
| - | α | ||
| β 2 | |||
3. .
. , , , .
-
| 1 | - . | , , | , | |
| 2 | , | , | ||
| 3 | ||||
| 4 | . | |||
| 5 | ||||
| 6 | ||||
| 7 | ||||
| 8 | ||||
| 9 | ||||
| 10 | ||||
| 11 |
, , ( ); ( ); ( ).
4. ().
: , , .
. 5 (, ...) (, /). , (, %) :
= (1 /) * 100%, .
.
:
| 10 + 10%, | |
| +10%, | |
| 10%. |
9. . . , . .
:
- . .
- : , , . .
- : , . , . . : , .
- -.
- .
1. .
| : 1. , 2. , 3. : , . |
. 24. , , .
2.
() : , , .
: .
- G - . (), ( ), , , , ( ). () (3). ( ).
| 
| , . . . . |
| . 25. - . | . 26. . |
3. .
| . . |
. 27. .
10. - . . .
. - .
- . .
- - : . - (, ). .
- : . . .
- . .
- . . . .
6. .
1. -
| , -, , . |
. 28. .
| 1. | ||
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. | ||
| 5. | ||
| 6. | ||
| 7. | ||
| 8. |
2. .
| , , . |
. 29. .
3. .
.
4. .
. 30.
| , , , . ( ) . |
, .
5. - .
| ; , , ; ; . |
. 31. - .
) __________________________________________________________ .
) ____________________________________________
) .
. 32.
11. . .
- . .
- . .
- , , , .
:
. 33. .
. 34. .
. - , . , . , , -.
. .
, - .
| () | |
| () | |
, .
. 35. , .
, , , , , .
1.
, 5 , (75 , 1,75 ). , .
| : A. B. C. |
. 36. .
2.
|
| , ++ .
| |
. 37. , .
13. ., . . , .
:
1. : . : , () . .
2. . .
3. : . : , , . , .
4. : . () . .
