. 1. . .
:
, .
-
. :
.
-
6.1.4. :
1. . Etiology of digestion disturbances. қ ұң ( )
2. , ,
3. . - , , , .
4. , , .
5. , , , ,
6. . - , , , .
7. . 12- .
8. , , . , , , , .
9. - . , , , .
10. , , , . , ,
11.
. :
, -, .
|
, | |
, |
2. -
1
32 , 4 . 2-3 . , . , . , . , , , , , - . , , . , , , , , , .
|
|
1. : ?
2. ?
3. ? ( ).
4. ?
2.
. . , .
|
| l | Cl | % | ||
| ||||||
() | 50 | 40 | 20 | - | 0 -21 | |
() | 50 -100 | 40 - 60 | 20 - 40 | 10 -15 | 20 -40 | |
() | 50 -100 | 40 -60 | 20 - 40 | 10 -15 | 21 -45 | |
| 10 | 30 | - | 10 | 10 | |
- | - | - | - | - | ||
20 | 35 | 10 | 10 | 5 | ||
| 100 | 60 | 30 | 20 | 15 | |
120 | 80 | 60 | 10 | 30 | ||
140 | 100 | 50 | 30 | 50 |
1. . . ?
2. ?
3. ?
3.
., 35 , ( ) , 2-3 ; . . . .
, , .
,
.
1. ?
2. ? ?
3. ?
4. .
4
., 52 , , . , , , . , 30 -1 , , . - . , , , , , .
: , , - . , . , - . -140/80 ., - 70, - 16, -
|
|
115 /, - 8 109/. . . . . N- . "" .
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
5
55- 4 2 - 3 . , 4 - 6 . , , . , , . , , . . , . .
. 370, 110 , 20 , 85/45 .. , . : 190 /, -55%, 11 109/, , Na+ -135 /, +C3- -8 /, -15,7 /, 170 /, 8,21 /, 3,55 /, 84 /, , 12 /. 6 /, , , . . , . 124 /
1. ?
2. .
3. .
6
., 20 , , . , ( - ). : 100 /, 12 , , , . ? .
A) -
B) 12
C)
D)
E) -
7
., 55 , 20-30 , , , , , , , , .
, 2 .
1. .
2. ?
ұң ұ | Disphagia - disorders of swallowing | |
( : | (.: aқ, + | Achalasia means "failure to |
+ | chalasisң) өңң | relax." It is characterized by |
) | ң ө ү. | three major abnormalities: |
() , | ө өң қғң | aperistalsis, partial or |
(ӨҚ) ә | incomplete relaxation of the | |
ң | LES with swallowing, | |
젠 Ѡ | өңң қ | increased resting tone of the |
ң ұ | LES, secondary inflammatory- | |
젠 | қ ө | dystrophic abnormalities |
, | ә ӨҚ-ң | |
қғқ ң | ||
堠 蠠 | қ | |
- | қ, ққ, |
蠠 . | қ, ққ ө құ. | |
(. Refluo ) . | (. refluo ғ) қ ғғ қ ң қ қғ ғ қ . | Reflux - is the regurgitation of acid stomach contents back into the oesophagus, and is the cause of heartburn - that unpleasant, burning feeling... |
әң ө | Hyporexia is low appetite | |
- . | әң . | Anorexia is absence of appetite |
. әң ғ | Hyperrexia is high appetite. | |
. | қғқ, , әң ғ . ғ қ қғқ, құғ, құққ ә ү | Bulimia is extremely high high appetite. In bulimia huge amounts of food are ingested only to be followed by induced vomiting. |
ү қ - өңң ө ө қң | Heartburn, also known as pyrosis, cardialgia, is a burning sensation in the chest, just behind the breastbone or in the epigastrium. | |
ࠠ ( ) | - ( ) ң қ қ ң қ ғ. | Belching (also known as burping, ructus, or eructation) is the release of gas from the digestive tract (mainly esophagus and stomach) through the mouth. It is usually accompanied with a typical sound and, at times, an odor. |
젠 - 頠 | (ғ dumping- қ) қ ғғ қ қ ң 堠 қ ө. | Gastric dumping syndrome, or rapid gastric emptying is a condition where ingested foods bypass the stomach too rapidly and enter the small intestine largely undigested |
1,5. | қ өң ң 1,5 ө | yperchlohydria when pH of gastric juice is below 1.5. |
6,5. | қ өң ң 6,5 ө | ypochlorhydria - when pH of the gastric secretion fails to decrease below 6.5 |
, 蠠 | қ өң қ | chylia - absence of gastric juices (partial or complete) (HCl + pepsins) |
젠 ( ). | ө ұ ққ ң 砠 . | |
堠 | ғқ (қ) ң ңң ұ. | M alabsorption syndrome is characterized by impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients especially of fat, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. |
젠 | ң ꠠ . | Primary MAS, which is due to, inherited deficiency of enzymes |
頠 , 頠 , , .. | қ, ұқ ң, қ , .. ө. | Secondary MAS, in which mucosal changes result secondary to such factors as diseases, surgery, trauma, drugs (gastritis, enteritis, atrophy of intestinal mucosa, diarrhea, pancreatic insufficiency. |
- , | қ ү әң ү, , ққ ғ | Constipation means slow movement of feces through the large intestine |
Ileus is commonly defined simply as bowel obstruction |
:
|
|
|
|
1. : . / .. .. .. - .: -, 2., 2013.- 357-361
2. .. : : 2 . .: -, 2010. . 153-154
3. : : . . ... : ʳ, 2004. ..
4. . . . . . . .: , 1997. .-197-224
5. V.Kumar, A. Abbas, J. C. Aster. Robbins Pathologic basis of disease/Elsevier.- 2015.- Ch.17- 18
. ( )
./ .. .. . -, 2007.- . 365-381
6.2.1. 2. . .
6.2.2. :
1. .
2. -
3.
6.2.3. :
.
-
6.2.4. :
1. . Etiology of exocrine pancreas disturbamces. ( )
|
|
2.
3.
4.
5.
. :
, -, .
1 -
1
. 46 . 59 179 ; 14 . 34 , . . , . , .
: 1520 ; 10 ( ); 23 , , , , .
, : 20,6 /, 4% ( 34 ), , 5 / .
: , .
1. , ( , ).
2.. , ?
3. , ( ) ?
4. ?
5. ( ), ,
6. ?
2
56 (14 8 ), . , , , . . , . , . , . . . , , 20 . 200 , 6 . : , , . . , . , . . .
:
, 7 / 80 /, 60 / ( 40 /); ; , 30 /, 120 /, , 135109/
100 600 , 15 ( 7%)
. , , . . : ( )
1. ?
2. ?
3. .
4. .
3
, 55 , , , , .
, .
1. - ?
2. ?
, γ - | ѳ y ң . | Alkaline phosphatase, gamma -glyutamil transferase - markers of cholestasis |
ң ү. | Gynecomastia- Enlargement of the gland tissue of the male breast. | |
- , (), (, , ), ( 蠠 ), 頠 ( ). | ( ө)) - қғң қ , , өꠠ (), қ (, , ), қ ( қң ғ), (қ). | Diarrhea is defined as bowel movements that are excessive in volume, frequency, or liquidity. It can be osmotic (increased osmotic pressure of chymus), secretory (VIPoma), hyperkynetic (hyperthyroidism, mural disfunction, stress), exudative (infections) |
- 200 2500 . | -ә ә 200 , 2500 ғ .. | Poly feces - daily number of bowel movements than 200 grams and can be up to 2500 grams. |
. , . | ғ ә ң ө ғ. ә , ғ, .. | Steatorrhea - increased excretion of fat in the stool. If steatorrhea is oily stool, oily sheen and poorly washed off with water. |
. . . | ә қғ қң . ө ө ғ , қ ғ . | Kreatoreya - revealing undigested muscle fibers. It occurs when. decreasing enzyme concentration and activity does not ensure complete cleavage coarse muscle fibers. |
. | ә қғ ң . 堠 ғ қ ғ | Amylorrhea - the presence in the stool is not digested starch. Starch is cleaved in the intestine to sugars, but considering that the digestion is broken, it does |
not occur and the starch begins to be detected in the stool in large quantities | ||
, 1,87 /, ( - 2,2 2,5 /, | қ ғ ө 1,87 / ө ғ. (Қ - 2,2 2,5 / | Hypocalcemia - a condition in which plasma total calcium content lower than 1.87 mmol / l (norm - from 2.2 to 2.5 mmol / l, |
2,5 % ( 2,5 4,5 %) | қғ ө 2,5 % ө . Қ 2,5 4,5 %) | Hypophosphatemia decrease in blood phosphate levels below 2.5 mg% (normal 2.5 mg 4.5%) |
- , | ұ ұ. | Tetany - seizures caused by disturbance of the calcium metabolism in the body |
, | , үң ңғғ ө қ . | Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone, increased bone fragility due to a lack of calcium |
, | қ ә | Litostatiny -proteins preventing stone formation |
() | () ә ққ ққ | Proteases (peptidases) cleave proteins to short peptides or amino acids |
ққ . | The lipases cleave lipids into fatty acids and glycerol | |
, , , | ө ғ ғ | Carbohydrases hydrolyzed carbohydrates such as starch or sugars to simple sugars such as glucose |
ққ . | Nuclease cleave nucleic acids to nucleotides |
.:
1. : . / .. .. .. - .: -, 2., 2013.- 357-361
2. .. : : 2 . .: -, 2010. . 153-154
3. . . . . . . .: , 1997. .-197-224
4. V.Kumar, A. Abbas, J. C. Aster. Pathologic basis of disease/Elsevier.- 2015.- Ch.17-18
6.2.7. ( )
./ .. .. . -, 2007.- . 376-400
. 3 .
. :
1.
2. -
3.
. :
-
,
.
1. , , . Hepatic failure, notion, etiology. , ү, ( )
2. .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
6. .
, -, : -, , .
1 -
1
. 31 . : , , , . . 36,5 . , , . , . . . 160/95 .., 90, .
: :
b 108 /; 4,0*1012/, 4,8*109/; 35 , , .
:
55 /, 3,8 /; ( ) ; ; 25/, 78 /, 30 /, , 88 /, 60 /; .
: 1200 , . 1,021, , 0,05%, , ;
: 7,34; 2 40 Hg; SB 19 /; 3,5 /;
: , . . ; : ,
: .
1. ? ?
2. ? ?
3. ? , ?
4. , ?
2
., 45 , , , , , , .
: 1,5 .
: 38,4, , .
: - 3,8 1012/, - 3,2 109/, - 100 109/, - 26 /.
: - 1,26 /, - 1,48 /. Hbs Ag.
: .
-
5.
1 |
3
..
56
1. ꠠ 65
2. 33
3. 27
4. 36
5.