.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


: .

Linux . . , , , (, , ). .

, Ctrl+Alt+ FN, N . , Ctrl+Alt+F1 , Ctrl+Alt+F2 , . , Ctrl: Alt+F1, Alt+F2, . . , X-, GNU/Linux, .

, : , , .

, , - . , . .

, , . , . . , .

. : gnome-terminal ( Gnome), Konsole ( KDE), xterm, rxvt. .

, , , . ( / -root).

! (, Konsole) (, bash) . ( shell) , , . , .

 

(prompt)

, . , :

user@computer:/current/directory$

:

user

computer

/current/directory . , (~).

$ , (root) . , (#), , ($).

, , , . >.

.

:

<> []

: <> :

1. (, export alias). .

2. , . PATH, ( , Windows). , . , awk.

3. ( ). , . , /usr/bin/gcc.

[] .

, bash, , (, pwd, echo, test). , , .

DOS Windows. , , command.com cmd.exe PATH, . , , . Linux , . , , , :

./program

, .. 3.

echo

echo This is a test line

 

cp ( copy) . , /boot/grub/menu.lst /etc/inittab /etc/mtab /tmp:

cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /etc/inittab /etc/mtab /tmp

... (/boot/grub/menu.lst -> /boot/grub/menu.lst.bak:

cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst.bak

 

cat ( catenate, '') :

cat ~//

:

cat ~//__ ~//__

.

, , ( /boot/grub/menu.lst boot, grub, menu.lst). . , , .

"~". , "~" . : ~///home/vasya//.

. . , X Y. :

, , justin_bieber.ogg:

..//justin_bieber.ogg

: subdir , text.txt:

subdir/text.txt

. , : pwd

( : ) : cd " "

cd .

, DOS/Windows! , : cd , - .

file1 file2:

cp file1 file2

file1 , .. :

mv file1..

. , mydir:

cd..

mv mydir/file1.

, :

. ()

.. ( )

 

C:?

Windows , : C:, D:, E: .

Linux (/). "" . , .. , CD/DVD-, (.. ) . .

. mount.

, /media/_/_ /var/media/_/_. , TOSHIBA TransMemory Ubuntu vasya, "/media/vasya/TOSHIBA TransMemory". , , , .

, , , . , , . , , , .

 

, Linux, . , . , .

/bin

bin - `binaries' (.. ). . Unix .

/dev

"" dev - , , , .. , , , /dev/mouse. , fd - . fd0 - , fd1 - . /dev/ttys, /dev/cua . , /dev/ttys0 `COM1' MS-DOS.

/dev/cua "" (``callout'') , .

, hd, . /dev/hda , hda1 /dev/hda.

/dev/tty " " ( alt-F1, alt-F2 ..). /dev/tty1 , /dev/tty2 ..

, /dev/pty, "". "". , , telnet /dev/pty.

/etc

etc . /etc/passwd( ), /etc/groups( ), /etc/rc ( ) ..

/sbin

sbin , .

/home

home .

/lib 4

lib (shared library images). , . , , /lib. .

/proc

proc - " " procfs, , . , , , .

/tmp

, . /tmp ( ).

/usr

usr - , , . , , , , /usr . , .

/usr/X11R6 - The X Window System, .

/usr/bin - UNIX. , , , /bin .

/usr/etc /etc, .

/usr/include - include-(header - ) .

/usr/lib - -"" "" , /lib. "" , /usr/lib,

/lib, . , /usr/lib .

/usr/local - /usr - , /usr/man - . "" . ( "man man" ). , /usr/man/man1 ( ) 1 usr/man/cat1 1.

/usr/src - ( ) . /usr/src/linux, Linux.

/var

var , . :

/var/adm - , , , , . , .

/var/spool - , . , , /var/spool/mail , . 5

/var/spool/news ..

, . , , . , , . .

 

, , . , , , . . [TAB] / , .

[20:41:52][alex][~]: cd /home/alex/

[TAB]

[20:41:52][alex][~]: cd /home/alex/\ /

[TAB] / , . "" :

[20:41:52][alex][~]: ls /usr/share/ic

[TAB][TAB]

iceweasel/ icons/



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