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.

 

2.1

 

- () - , .

:

.

, .

, ( ) .

- .

.

.

.

.

.

-

- (), , , :

( LAN Local Area Network);

( MAN Metropolitan Area Network);

( WAN Wide Area Network).

, ( 10-15 ). , , , , .. , , () (I ntranet).

, , . .

, , . , .

, .

:

;

.

. , . , . , () .

() :

(, bus);

(, ring);

(, star);

(, cellular);

(, hierarchy);

(, mesh);

().

(. 3) , . . . , , . , .

(. 4) () . , . - . .

. 3

 

. 4

 

(. 5) -, , . , , . - , , .

. 5

 

; , .

; () . , , . .

, , .. . , , ( ). .

 

2.2

 

, :

;

;

, , ;

;

..

.

, .

, , , , . , .

(ISO International Organization for Standardization) , (Open System Interconnection OSI), .

, .

OSI , , .. , .

. , , . . (. 1).

, , : (header); ; ; . . . .

, , .


 

1

OSI

OSI
7. ; . .400, NCR, HTTP, SMTP, FTP, FTAM, SAP, DNS, Telnet . .
6. , . .226
5. , , .225, RPC, NetBEUI ..
4. , .224, TCP, UDP, NSP, SPX, SPP, RH ..
3. , .25, .75, IP, IPX, IDP, , DNA-4 ..
2. , LAP-B, HDLC, SNAP, SDLC, IEEE 802.2 ..
1. , Ethernet, Arcnet, Token Ring, IEEE 802.3, 5

 

:

1, 2 3 ; 4 7 3 ;

1 2 , 3 4 , 5-7 , ;

1 2 ; 3-6 , ; 7 .

 

2.3 -

 

:

(-, , , ), ;

, ;

( , );

.

. (work station) , . ( , , ) . , , (NET PC Network Computer).

(server , ( , , , , ..) . , . , , .

, , .

. : , , (, ) .. : - (File Server); ( , Storage Express System); - (Net SatisFaxion); (Mail Server); (Print Server); - .

, , -.

. , , , . .

(). , . :

;

;

.

. . , . . : . : , ; .

. (), . . . : . : .

. , , ( , , ). . () . . , , . -. . , , .

. : , ; , , . , ().

. .

, . . . , (, ..), .

. , , ( ). .

. IP - .

.

. : , . , , , .

.

() , - . . .

. (route table), . .

, . , .

. () (), , . . - :

, , ;

, () (, , );

, ( , ) , , , ..

 

2.4

 

:

;

.

. ( peer-to-peer) . . ( ). , .

:

;

.

:

( 10);

;

;

.

. ( ) () , , . , , , - ; , , -.

- : , . , , .

- :

, , , ( );

, , , , ( ).

, -, -; - .

:

;

;

;

.

:

- ;

;

.

. : ; ; ; .

(repeate r) , . , , OSI. , .

(bridge) OSI, ( ) , , . , . . , . .

(route r) OSI ( OSI); , , , .

(gateway) , , OSI ; OSI. , .

, , , .

 

2.5

 

(IS O C Internet Society). ISOC , , . , .

(IAB Internet Architecture Board, ) , . , (, , IAB , ). (IETF Internet Engineering Task Force) ; . , IETF .

. :

Internet Protocol (IP) , OSI;

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , OSI.

, :

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ;

Telnet , .. ;

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ;

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ( World Wide Web);

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) ().

, TCP . , , TCP , , . .

. - . , ,

, , , .. .

- :

, : IP - (IP Internet Protocol);

, : DNS - (DNS Domain Name System).

IP - V.4 32- . 8 , . , .

: , - .

32- IP -, IP -. 128- , 1000 . (IP - V.6) .

, - (domain ). : , , , - , , , .

, : at; br; ; ru; us; fr.

, . : gov; com; edu; mil; net; org.

. . -,

, , , , ().

IP- DNS (Domain Name Server) .

.

FTP. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) . : .

FTP - , , . FTP - , ( FTP), , .

Telnet . Telnet, UNIX, . , , .

. (Bulletin Board System BBS) , . BBS , , .

Usenet. , . .

, , , ( ).

, -, . Usenet , . , .

.

Web Chat (web -, ) .

IRC (Internet Relay Chat) . -, . , , .

ICQ IP - , .

. (e-mail) . . , , . . :

_@_-

 

2.6

 

, , . , . ().

() , , , . Ÿ , , .

. (). , , , . (-) .

:

: , , , , ;

;

;

, , , / ;

;

;

, , .

. .

, -.

- - , , , , .

- ().

, : , ( ); - ; .

- , , .

- , ( ), . () , . .

- , , , . , , NET PC . , - .

 

2.7

 

XX , 1960 , - [1]. -.

. , , , . , , , .

, - , . , .

, , ( )[2]. , , .

- , , . :

1. (On-demand self-service), , - , , - .

2. (Broad networkaccess), , , , , .

3. (Resorce pooling), , ( , , ) .

4. (Rapid elasticity), , , , ; , - .

5. (Measured service), , , , , . , , , .

, .

, , [3].

, . .

() , . , , .

. , . , , , . , , . .

. , , .

, , . , , . , , . .

[4] (. 6).

. 6

 

1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) . . IaaS , , , . , , IaaS . IaaS , . - .

2. PaaS (Platform as a Service) . , , .. , . , , . PaaS . : Google, Microsoft, salesforce.com, Tibco Software, VMware.

3. SaaS (Software as a Service) . . , , . : Concur, Microsoft, NetSuite, SuccessFactors, Taleo, Workday.

. , KaaS (KnowledgeasaService) . , , . , - .

SaaS 2 (SecurityasaService) . , , . . . : Akamai, Barracuda Networks, Cisco .

(PaaS) (APaaS). -. : Microsoft, ForeSoft, Apprenda, Heroku, Google, LongJump, VMware .

, . , .

, . , , , , , .

, , , . , .

, , , , , , .

: , , - , , , , . - , - , .

. . , , 100% .

, , - . , .

- . , .

, Microsoft, IBM .., , Open Source, , . : Abiquo, BMC, CA, DynamicOps, Eucalyptus, HP, IBM, newScale, Novell, Surgient, VMLogix, VMware. .

Abiquo [5] , Java . , VMware, Microsoft, Citrix, Oracle KVM. . 2014 SaaS , Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Rackspace Open Cloud.

BMC Cloud Operations Management [6] . BMC , . , . BMC OpenStack, CloudStack API.

DynamicOps [7] 2008 - Credit Suisse. , DynamicOps Virtual Resource Manager (VRM). , , , , .

newScale [8], 1999 . 2 . newScale Service Portal. -, . Service Portal , .

.

-, , . , , , , , - . , , .

-, , .. . . . - .

-, , , , , , . , , .

-, , . , .

-, , , . , .

1. - ?

2. - ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

7. ?

8. ?

9. ?

10. ?


 

3



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