2.1
- () - , .
:
.
, .
, ( ) .
- .
.
.
.
.
.
-
- (), , , :
( LAN Local Area Network);
( MAN Metropolitan Area Network);
( WAN Wide Area Network).
, ( 10-15 ). , , , , .. , , () (I ntranet).
, , . .
, , . , .
, .
:
;
.
. , . , . , () .
|
|
() :
(, bus);
(, ring);
(, star);
(, cellular);
(, hierarchy);
(, mesh);
().
(. 3) , . . . , , . , .
(. 4) () . , . - . .
. 3
. 4
(. 5) -, , . , , . - , , .
. 5
; , .
; () . , , . .
, , .. . , , ( ). .
2.2
, :
;
;
, , ;
;
|
|
..
.
, .
, , , , . , .
(ISO International Organization for Standardization) , (Open System Interconnection OSI), .
, .
OSI , , .. , .
. , , . . (. 1).
, , : (header); ; ; . . . .
, , .
1
OSI
OSI | ||
7. | ; . | .400, NCR, HTTP, SMTP, FTP, FTAM, SAP, DNS, Telnet . . |
6. | , . | .226 |
5. | , , | .225, RPC, NetBEUI .. |
4. | , | .224, TCP, UDP, NSP, SPX, SPP, RH .. |
3. | , | .25, .75, IP, IPX, IDP, , DNA-4 .. |
2. | , | LAP-B, HDLC, SNAP, SDLC, IEEE 802.2 .. |
1. | , | Ethernet, Arcnet, Token Ring, IEEE 802.3, 5 |
:
|
|
1, 2 3 ; 4 7 3 ;
1 2 , 3 4 , 5-7 , ;
1 2 ; 3-6 , ; 7 .
2.3 -
:
(-, , , ), ;
, ;
( , );
.
. (work station) , . ( , , ) . , , (NET PC Network Computer).
(server , ( , , , , ..) . , . , , .
, , .
. : , , (, ) .. : - (File Server); ( , Storage Express System); - (Net SatisFaxion); (Mail Server); (Print Server); - .
, , -.
. , , , . .
(). , . :
;
;
.
. . , . . : . : , ; .
|
|
. (), . . . : . : .
. , , ( , , ). . () . . , , . -. . , , .
. : , ; , , . , ().
. .
, . . . , (, ..), .
. , , ( ). .
. IP - .
.
. : , . , , , .
|
|
.
() , - . . .
. (route table), . .
, . , .
. () (), , . . - :
, , ;
, () (, , );
, ( , ) , , , ..
2.4
:
;
.
. ( peer-to-peer) . . ( ). , .
:
;
.
:
( 10);
;
;
.
. ( ) () , , . , , , - ; , , -.
- : , . , , .
- :
, , , ( );
, , , , ( ).
, -, -; - .
:
;
;
;
.
:
- ;
;
.
. : ; ; ; .
(repeate r) , . , , OSI. , .
(bridge) OSI, ( ) , , . , . . , . .
(route r) OSI ( OSI); , , , .
(gateway) , , OSI ; OSI. , .
, , , .
2.5
(IS O C Internet Society). ISOC , , . , .
(IAB Internet Architecture Board, ) , . , (, , IAB , ). (IETF Internet Engineering Task Force) ; . , IETF .
. :
Internet Protocol (IP) , OSI;
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , OSI.
, :
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ;
Telnet , .. ;
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ;
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ( World Wide Web);
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) ().
, TCP . , , TCP , , . .
. - . , ,
, , , .. .
- :
, : IP - (IP Internet Protocol);
, : DNS - (DNS Domain Name System).
IP - V.4 32- . 8 , . , .
: , - .
32- IP -, IP -. 128- , 1000 . (IP - V.6) .
, - (domain ). : , , , - , , , .
, : at; br; ; ru; us; fr.
, . : gov; com; edu; mil; net; org.
. . -,
, , , , ().
IP- DNS (Domain Name Server) .
.
FTP. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) . : .
FTP - , , . FTP - , ( FTP), , .
Telnet . Telnet, UNIX, . , , .
. (Bulletin Board System BBS) , . BBS , , .
Usenet. , . .
, , , ( ).
, -, . Usenet , . , .
.
Web Chat (web -, ) .
IRC (Internet Relay Chat) . -, . , , .
ICQ IP - , .
. (e-mail) . . , , . . :
_@_-
2.6
, , . , . ().
() , , , . Ÿ , , .
. (). , , , . (-) .
:
: , , , , ;
;
;
, , , / ;
;
;
, , .
. .
, -.
- - , , , , .
- ().
, : , ( ); - ; .
- , , .
- , ( ), . () , . .
- , , , . , , NET PC . , - .
2.7
XX , 1960 , - [1]. -.
. , , , . , , , .
, - , . , .
, , ( )[2]. , , .
- , , . :
1. (On-demand self-service), , - , , - .
2. (Broad networkaccess), , , , , .
3. (Resorce pooling), , ( , , ) .
4. (Rapid elasticity), , , , ; , - .
5. (Measured service), , , , , . , , , .
, .
, , [3].
, . .
() , . , , .
. , . , , , . , , . .
. , , .
, , . , , . , , . .
[4] (. 6).
. 6
1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) . . IaaS , , , . , , IaaS . IaaS , . - .
2. PaaS (Platform as a Service) . , , .. , . , , . PaaS . : Google, Microsoft, salesforce.com, Tibco Software, VMware.
3. SaaS (Software as a Service) . . , , . : Concur, Microsoft, NetSuite, SuccessFactors, Taleo, Workday.
. , KaaS (KnowledgeasaService) . , , . , - .
SaaS 2 (SecurityasaService) . , , . . . : Akamai, Barracuda Networks, Cisco .
(PaaS) (APaaS). -. : Microsoft, ForeSoft, Apprenda, Heroku, Google, LongJump, VMware .
, . , .
, . , , , , , .
, , , . , .
, , , , , , .
: , , - , , , , . - , - , .
. . , , 100% .
, , - . , .
- . , .
, Microsoft, IBM .., , Open Source, , . : Abiquo, BMC, CA, DynamicOps, Eucalyptus, HP, IBM, newScale, Novell, Surgient, VMLogix, VMware. .
Abiquo [5] , Java . , VMware, Microsoft, Citrix, Oracle KVM. . 2014 SaaS , Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Rackspace Open Cloud.
BMC Cloud Operations Management [6] . BMC , . , . BMC OpenStack, CloudStack API.
DynamicOps [7] 2008 - Credit Suisse. , DynamicOps Virtual Resource Manager (VRM). , , , , .
newScale [8], 1999 . 2 . newScale Service Portal. -, . Service Portal , .
.
-, , . , , , , , - . , , .
-, , .. . . . - .
-, , , , , , . , , .
-, , . , .
-, , , . , .
1. - ?
2. - ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?
3