. . . . . , , ( ), . . () , ; , , . .
(. prototype theory) ( ) (), (., , ). : ( ); ( ). , , , . , ; . . . (. . .)
. (1950, 1963), () , 8 () . (, , ), , , (, 1963). . . . . . , ; , . . . . ( ); , (). , . ., (basic trust vs. mistrust): (hope), . . .
. . . , . , . ., 8 , , 28 = 256, . . . , . , . , . . . . . 8 :
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1. (basic trust vs. mistrust): (hope) , (. ). , . , . , . , , , . . . . .
2. (autonomy vs. shame, doubt): (will) , (1-3 ). , , , . . . , , , , ( ). , (), , . , , , .
3. (initiative vs. guilt): (purpose) , (3-6 ). , () , , , ; , .
4. (industry vs. inferiority): (competence) , (6-12 ). , , .
5. (identity vs. role diffusion, role confusion): (fidelity) , , , , , , , , . . , . . .
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6. () (intimacy vs. isolation): (love) ( ). , , . , , , , . , .
7. (generativity vs. stagnation): (care) , (). . () .
8. (ego integrity vs. despair): (wisdom) 8 , , , , , . . . , .
, 20-25 , 2 . , . . . (., Levinson, 1978, 1986; Peck, 1968; Vaillant, 1977). (. .)
. . (. . , . . , . . .). , . , , . , . 1- . , 2-3- . , (, , .). , , , .
(. self- perception theory) ( ) , . . - (D. J. Bem, 1967, 1972), , , , . . (. .)
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. .
. , . .
(. theory of levels of processing) ( ), . . (F. Craik, R. Lockhart, 1972) (framework) . . . ., . , . . ; , . , . (. . .)
. . ., .
(. theory of template matching) ( ) (, ). ( ) () . , , . , . . . . . (. . .)
(1896-1965) . , . . . ,. - . . . ., , . . , (. ). . - ( , ) . . . . (. . .)
(. Thurstone theory) . (1927) , , , , . . . 2 . , , , . ., . (. . .)
(. test) , . . (, , .). , . ( ) : (. ). .
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. 2 : 1) ., 2) . ( , , , ).
. . . ( . . . ) . ( . . - .), ., . , , -, . , . ; . . , ., . . . , , - .
. , ,, , . . 3 : , ; ; .
. XIX . (. ), 1- XX ., . ,. . , . . . . , 1905 . (. ). . . . , . . , , . . , . ., , . .
. , . . ., , . . , , . . , . (. . .)
. .
. .
. .
. .
(. achievement tests) , , . . . (, , .). . . . . . . . . . - (). (., ) , . . - . . . , . , . , . (. . .)
(. intelligence tests) , . . . 2 : 1) . . ( , . , );2) , , ( , . .).
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, . , . . . . -, -, , , , .
, , , . . , , , . , , , , .
. . , , . , , . . . . (. . .)
(. personality tests) , - ( . . ), , , , ( .
. . (. ), (. ) (). (. . .)
(. projective tests, projective techniques) , , () , .: ( .), ( ), ( ), ( ), . . . . . (1856-1926) . . . ( , ., ) . . (., ), . , , . . . , . . . , . , , (, ), . . (. . .)
.: . (1939); ; . . (. ., ) .
(. aptitude tests) , () () .
, , 2 : ability tests aptitude tests. (., ) , () ( ; , , , ; , ). , () , . aptitude tests. GATB; , , ( ), . , , , , . , (aptitude) , (ability).(. .)
(. ability tests, aptitude tests) , , , . , (. ). :, , , . . . GATB (General Aptitude Test Battery), . , , , , . . . , . (. . .)
- (. theta rhythm) () 4-8 10-200 . (25-35 ) .-. . - , - . .-. . - . . .
(. technocratic thinking) , , , , ( . . ) . . . , . . . , , .
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. . . , , . , , . . , , . , , . . . , . . . (. . .)