information technology,the application of computers and telecommunications equipment, to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, business or other enterprise, computers and computer networks, information distribution technologies,television and telephones,industries,computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services, the Information Technology Association of America, the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, network administration, software development and installation, the planning and management of an organization's technology life cycle, hardware and software maintained, upgraded and replaced, data storage, information was stored on analog devices, digital storage exceeded analog, 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally, 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices, and 11% on digital magnetic tape, the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007, doubling roughly every 3 years, databases, database management systems, a number of components, allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously, users maintaindata integrity,a characteristic of all databases, the structure of the data, they contain, is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a database schema,the extensible markup language (XML) has become a popular format for data representation,data retrieval, stored data, becomes information, organised and presented meaningfully, the world's digital data is unstructured, stored, different physical formats,data warehouses, to integrate disparate stores, contain data extracted from various sources, external sources, the Internet, to facilitate decision support systems (DSS), data transmission, three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception,broadcasting, information transmitted unidirectionally downstream, telecommunications, bidirectional upstream and downstream channels, data manipulation, massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, be analysed and presented effectively,data tombs, academic perspective, the Association for Computing Machinery, undergraduate degree programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations, IT specialists, assume responsibility, selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization, integrating those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and installing, customizing, and maintaining those applications for the organizations computer users, information technology's role today, keeping and managing business and financial records, the employment records of all their workers in large databases,managed by computer programs, programs and databases are used in such business functions as billing customers, tracking payments received and payments to be made, tracking supplies needed and items produced, stored, shipped, and sold, the information companies involves the use of computers and information technology,computer-controlled robots, hot, heavy, or hazardous tasks, robots do routine, repetitive tasks, in which boredom or fatigue can lead to poor quality work, information technology and medicine, a scanner takes a series of pictures of the body by means of computerized axial tomography (CAT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a computer combines the pictures to produce detailed three-dimensional images of the body's organs, MRI produces images that show changes in body chemistry and blood flow, supercomputers, meteorologists predict future, weather a combination of observations of weather conditions from many sources, a mathematical representation of the behavior of the atmosphere, and geographic data, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing programs, often called CAD/CAM, led to designs very detailed, computer programs, engineers, to analyze designs of complex structures, power plants and space stations, information and communications technology,synonym for information technology (IT), specific term, stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information, the phrase ICT replaced by the broader term computing, global costs of it, total money spent on IT worldwide, US $3.5 trillion, currently growing at 5% p.a., double every 15 years, corporate revenue, grown 50%,a strain on IT budgets, companies IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, 25% are cost of new initiatives for technology development, breakdown, 31% personnel costs (internal) 29% software costs (external/purchasing category) 26% hardware costs (external/purchasing category) 14% costs of external service providers (external/services)
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Exercise 3. What do you know about these notions?
