1. What is operant conditioning?
2. Who was the first to describe operant conditioning?
3. What kind of behaviour did Skinner examine?
4. What did Skinner construct to study spontaneous behaviour?
5. How did the hungry animal placed into the box behave?
6. How did the animal depress the lever for the first time?
7. Why did the animal depress the lever again?
8. What was the scheme of learning in this case?
9. When does the reward or reinforcement come in case of operant conditioning?
10. What is operant conditioning based on?
11. What association is operant conditioning based on?
12. What can the buzzer in Skinner's experiment be paired with?
13. When may the buzzer alone become a reward?
14. How can complex chain of habits be developed?
VII. Read the following text about negative reinforcement and try to exercise V plain the difference between escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
In negative reinforcement, a painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed or is not applied at all if a certain kind of behaviour occurs. The removal of unpleasant consequences increases the frequency of behaviour. There are two types of negative reinforcement learning psychologists have studied in detail: escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning. In escape conditioning, the behaviour a person engages in causes an unpleasant event to stop. Consider the case of a child who hates liver and is served it for dinner a thoroughly repulsive (. ) experience. She whines (to whine , ) about the food and gags (to gag ) while eating it. At this point her mother removes the liver. The gagging and whining behaviour has been thus negatively reinforced, and the child is likely to gag and whine in the future when given an unpleasant meal. This kind of learning is called escape conditioning because the behaviour has enabled the child to escape the liver meal.
In avoidance conditioning, the person's behaviour has the effect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening. In our example, if the girl's past whining and gagging behaviour had stopped the mother from even serving the liver, we would identify the situation as avoidance conditioning; the child would have avoided the unpleasant consequences in advance.
VIII. Translate the following text from Russian into English
. , . , , , .. (, ) (, ). . (is singled out) . , . , - , .
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LESSON VI
COMPLEX LEARNING AND LANGUAGE
Active vocabulary
1. achieve, v , ; achievement, n ,
2. anxiety, n , , ;anxious, adj , ; , ,
3. attitude, n 1. ; 2.
4. constant, adj , ; constant, n, . , ; constancy, n ,
5. convergent, adj , ; ~ thinking ; convergence, n
6. cramming, n ( ); cram, v
7. desire, n () ; desire, v ; , ; desirable, adj
8. distribute, v ; distribution, n 1. ; 2. . ; distributive, adj
9. divergent, adj 1. ; 2. . ; ~ thinking ; divergence, divergency 1. , ; 2. .
10. effort, n 1. ; 2. ; to make an ~ , ,
11. excite, v 1. , ; 2. , ; to interest (curiosity, envy) (, ); excitement, n ,
12. external, adj
13. feature, n 1. , ; , 2. pl.
14. internal, adj
15. latent, adj , ; ~ learning ; latency, n , 堠
16. manifest, v , ; ; to ~ desire to do smth. -.; manifest, adj , , ; a ~ truth (error) (); manifestation, n ;
17. occasional, n ; occasion, n 1. ; 2. , ; 3. ; 4. , ,
18. partial, adj
19. similar, adj ,; similarity, n ,
20. skill, n ; ; ; to acquire ~ c; skillful, adj , ;
21. transfer, n , ; ; transfer, v , ; ; transference, n 1. ; ; ~ from one school another , 2. .
