TCP/IP, , Internet.
1. TCP/IP.
2. .
3. , (Firewall).
1. TCP/IP .
1.1. .
2. .
2.1. (), IP .
2.2. . () .
2.3. . : , , .
2.4. .
3. .
3.1. .
3.2. .
:
;
;
.
(MAC - ) - , , Ethernet. (, Ethernet) MAC- . , MAC- , () . MAC- (, ARP RARP IPv4 NDP IPv6).
(IP- ) - , IP. ; . IPv4 IP- 4 , IPv6 IP- 16 .
(DNS - ) . , , , , . , , FTP telnet.
IP
IPv4
(IP). . IPv4 32- () , 4 294 967 296 (232) . IPv4 ( 0 255), . .
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IP : , . 5 ( 1.).
1 IP
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| ||||||||||
A | 0 | N | N | 8 | 24 | 128 | 16777216 | |||||
B | 10 | N | N | 16 | 16 | 16384 | 65536 | |||||
C | 110 | N | N | 24 | 8 | 2097154 | 256 | |||||
D | 1110 | multicast |
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| ||||||||
E | 11110 | |||||||||||
- . , , :
0, , , 3 . 1 126. ( 0 , 127 , .) 216, 224.
10, 28 - 216. 16 , 2 .
110, 28. 24 , - 8 .
1110, D , - multicast. D, , .
11110, , .
2 ,
A | 1.0.0.0 | 126.0.0.0 |
B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.0.0 |
C | 192.0.1.0. | 223.255.255.0 |
D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 |
E | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255.255 |
( ) , . , .
, IP , ( , IP, IP - ).
(CIDR) - IP-, IP-, . IP-, . IP- . IP- (, , ) IP-, , . . (. variablelengthsubnetmask, VLSM), , () 0, 1, 2 3 .
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IPv 6
IP, , (IPv4) , 128 32. IPv6: (Unicast), (Anycast) (Multicast).
Unicast . , , , .
Anycast Unicast, . , , ( ) . Anycast .
Multicast . , , , .
IPv4 ( xxx.xxx.xxx.255) IPv6.
(. fe80:0:0:0:200:f8ff: fe21:67cf). (fe80::200:f8ff: fe21:67cf). .
3.1.3. : broadcast, loopback
IP IP-:
I- ,
0 0 0 0................................... 0 0 0 0
, ;
0,
0 0 0 0.......0
, , , ;
IP- 1,
1 1 1 1.........................................1 1
, , . (limitedbroadcast);
1,
1111................11
, . (broadcast);
127.0.0.1 . loopback.
, ( 1.). , IP, , . . , , , , , .
. .
, .. . , , .
1.
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(hub) Ethernet . . .
(switch) - , . , , ( , ). , ( ) , .
(router) - , . . , . OSI, . .
(gateway) , (, ). , .
3.3. IP : DNS
DNS - . IP- ( ), , .
DNS DNS-, .
DNS . , , ( ), (), .
DNS :
. .
. , , () DNS-.
. .
, , , () .
. () () , , , .
DNS , IP-, ( ) , IP-. , , HTTP-, . IP- hosts, . , , DNS.
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DNS . - DNS- DNS-. DNS- IP-. Internet. DNS IP- DNS IP , IP-.
DNS-, , - DNS- , , DNS-. DNS- , Internet. , . - , , . IP- DNS-, .
DNS , , ( ) . , , .
DNS InternetNetworkInformationCenter. , . ISO 3166. , :
com - (, microsoft.com);
edu - (, mit.edu);
gov - (, nsf.gov);
org - (, fidonet.org);
net - , (, nsf.net).
DNS , . , . 63 . Internet (fullyqualifieddomainname, FQDN), .
DHCP
DHCP - , IP- , TCP/IP. -. - DHCP, . , . . DHCP TCP/IP.
DHCP IP-:
. ( Ethernet MAC-) IP-. , , ( DHCP), .
. IP- .
. , , , . . IP- , (, , ). , .
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DHCP DNS, , . DNS.
ICMP
ICMP - , TCP/IP. ICMP , , , , , . ICMP .
ICMP . ICMP IP(ICMP- IP ), IP TCP/IP.
ICMP :
1) Ping, IP-;
2) Traceroute, IP-.
(F irewall, Brandmaue) - , .
. , () , , .
() , , .
:
( );
(stateless). , IP- , , ;
(circuit-levelproxy). TCP/IP , OSI, , , , ;
, (NAT, PAT) ( );
. (stateful), );
. SOCKS.
(application-levelproxy), -. (transparent) (solid);
SPI (StatefulPacketInspection, SPI), (DynamicPacketFiltering), . , . , TCP ( , ) , ;
. , , . , ( ), . . .
4.1. TCP/IP
Windows 2 TCP/IP:
1.
2. .
ip-, , DNS-.
, , IP- , ( , IP-, IP-). , IP- 12.34.56.78 255.255.255.0 12.34.56.0 24 .
IP-. , , IP- , .
(Defaultgateway), (Lasthopegateway) , , ( ). , , . 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.
DNS-, nameserver , DNS- . DNS- , .
, IP- DNS DHCP, . , .. . , - , DHCP-.
TCP/IP MicrosoftWindows10 . : -> -> -> -> -> .
IP- DNS- .
2.
, IP- IP-, . DNS- DNS-.
3.
TCP/IP :
1) ;
2) .
1. IP, , DNS-, ipconfig Windows.
4 Windows.
ipconfig/all | . |
ipconfig/release [] | DHCPRELEASE DHCP DHCP IP- ( ) . TCP/IP , IP-. |
ipconfig/renew | IP- , . IP-. |
ipconfig/flushdns | DNS . |
ipconfig/registerdns | DHCP DNS. |
ipconfig/displaydns | DNS. |
ipconfig/showclassid | DHCP . IP-. |
ipconfig/setclassid [_] | DHCP. IP-. |
ipconfig/? | . |
MicrosoftWindows ipconfig DHCP DNS. winipcfg wntipcfg ( ipconfig).
ipconfig , DHCP, APIPA IP- . , . ( Windows), , ipconfig , .
4. ipconfig
2) , TCP/IP Windows, :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. Windows10