2. Druids ['dru:Idz] , , , , , , .
3. Celts [kelts] , , 2- I , .
4. ' Britons , Picts , Scots , Gauls [gO:lz] , , .
5. Pytheus ['pIYjRs] , , IV . . . ; .
6. Marseilles [mQr'seIj] , - .
7. Herodotus [he'rOdRtRs] , , .
8. Hadrian s ['heIdrIRnz] Wall , ( ) , .
9. Offa s Dyke ['OfRzLdaIk] , , VIII .; .
10. St. Alban [snt'O:lbRn] ( 287 .), -, . 22 .
11. Angles [WNglz] , ' Saxons , Jutes [dGu:ts] , V ..
12. Jutland ['dGu:tlRnd] Peninsular [pI'nInsju:lR] , .
13. Sussex ['sAsIks] , Wessex ['wesIks] , Essex ['esIks] , Kent , Mercia ['mR:SjR] , East Anglia ['WNglIR] , Northumbria [nO:'YAmbrIR] , , - VI VII .
14. ' Brittany , , -.
15. Ruthwell ['rITl] Cross ( . , ).
16. Old English (VXI .); Middle English (XIXV .); New English (XVXXI .)
17. Caedmon ['kWdmRn] , , (XII .).
18. the Venerable Bede [bi:d] (672735), , , .
19. Beowulf ['beIRwulf] , - , , .
20. Danelaw (Danelagh) ['deIn'lO:] , - IXX .; , ( ).
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21. Danegeld ['deIngeld] , 991 . . 1012 1163 .
22. Canute (Cnut) [k(R)'nu:t] , , (10161035). .
23. Edward ['edwRd] the Confessor [kRn'fesR] , (XI .), .
Chapter 2
1. Normandy , ,
2. William the Conqueror ['kONkRrR] ( I), , .
3. Battle of Hastings ['heIstINz] (1066), - . .
4. Domesday ['du:mzdeI] Book , , , .
5. Richard the Lion Heart (Richard Lion - Hearted) , (11891199), , .
6. Thomas ' Malory , XV ., . .
7. Thomas a Beckett , , . II, .
8. Magna Carta ['mWgnR'kQ:tR] ( the Great Charter) , , 1215 . , , .
9. Simon de Monfort ['saImRndR'mOntfOt] , , , .
10. ' levelled endings , .
11. syn ' thetic forms , ().
12. ana ' lytical forms , .
13. romance [rou'mWns/rRmWns] , ; ().
Chapter 3
1. the Low Countries ,
.
2. gentry ['dGentrI] , .
3. guild [gIld] , , , .
4. copyholder (: , ); . , 1925 .
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5. Flanders ['flWndRz] , , ; . Flemish , .
6. Venice ['venIs] , ; . Venetian [vI'ni:SRn] .
7. Hanseatic League [LhWnsI'WtIk'li:g] , , XIVXVI . - . - , .
8. Yeomanry ['joumRnrI] , , .
9. Rouen [rwQ:] , .
10. Wars of the Roses , , ( ) ( ).
11. ' Lollards , , , 1381 .
12. Petrarch [pe'trQ:rk], Boccaccio [bou'kWtSIou] , , .
13. incunabula [LInkju:'nWbju:lR] or incunable [In'kju:nRbl] (pl. incunables) , , 1500 . .
Chapter 4
1. Cape of Good Hope .
2. the West Indies (, ..)
3. John Cabot ['kWbRt] , ; .
4. Reformation : 1. . 2. XVI ., . . , . , . .
5. Catherine of ' Aragon ; Anne Boleyne ['bulIn, bu'lIn, bu'leIn] ; Jane Seymour ['si:mR] ; Anne of Cleves [kli:vz] ; Catherine Howard ['hauRd] ; Catherine Parr [pQ:] VIII.
6. Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) ( ), , VIII . 300 , .
7. Mary Stuart ['stjuRt] or Mary Queen of Scots , (1542-87), . , I , .
8. Dante ['dWntI] ; Leo ' nardo da Vinci ['vIntSI] ; Michelangelo [maIkl'WndGelou] ; Rabelais [rRb'leI] ; Erasmus [I'rWzmRs] of ' Rotterdam ; Copernicus [kou'pR:nIkRs] ; Francis Bacon ; Albrecht Durer ['dju:rRr] ; Machiavelli [LmWkjR'velI] ; Hans Holbein ['hOlbaIn] .
9. Thomas More [mO:] , , ; , ( Utopia [ju:'toupjR]).
11. Elizabethans , XVI XVII ., 20 I I: . , . , . , . , . , . , . .
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12. Walter Raleigh (Raleigh) ['rO:lI] (), , , , , , I.
13. the Invincible [In'vInsRbl] Ar ' mada , , 1586-1588 . ; 1588 .
15. virginal ['vR:dGInRl] ,