. ( ), - .
, ( ) () , .
- , , . P, P -. , .
x P -
x = anPn + an -1 Pn -1 +... + a 1 P 1 + a 0 P 0 + a -1 P -1 +... + a-mP-m
, , . , P .
P > 1 :
1) , P, . P, . , . P , ;
2) , P, . P .. , . . , . , , - P.
1. :
) 464(10); ) 380,1875(10); ) 115,94(10) ( ).
.
464 | 0 380 | 0 |1875 115 | 1 |94
232 | 0 190 | 0 0|375 57 | 1 1|88
116 | 0 95 | 1 0|75 28 | 0 1|76
58 | 0 47 | 1 1|5 14 | 0 1|52
) 29 | 1 ) 23 | 1 1|0 ) 7 | 1 1|04
14 | 0 11 | 1 3 | 1 0|08
7 | 1 5 | 1 1 | 1 0|16
3 | 1 2 | 0
1 | 1 1 | 1
) 464(10) = 111010000(2); ) 380,1875(10) = 101111100,0011(2); ) 115,94(10) 1110011,11110(2) ( , ).
|
|
, , , , . , , (8 = 23). , , . , : , . . .
P | 2 | 00 | 01 | 10 | 11 |
4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
P | 2 | 000 | 001 | 010 | 011 | 100 | 101 | 110 | 111 |
8 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
P | 2 | 0000 | 0001 | 0010 | 0011 | 0100 | 0101 | 0110 | 0111 | 1000 | 1001 | 1010 | 1011 | 1100 | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 |
16 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
1111010101,11(2).
001111010101, 1100 (2) = 3D5,C(16).
P , , , ( -1). , . .
2. .
) 1000001(2).
1000001(2)=1× 26+0× 25+0× 24+0× 23+0× 22+ 0× 21+1× 20 = 64+1=65(10).
. , - , .
) 1000011111,0101(2).
1000011111,0101(2)=1×29 + 1×24 + 1×23 + 1×22 + 1×21 + 1×20 + 1×2-2 + 1×2-4 = 512 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 + 0,25 + 0,0625 = 543,3125(10).
) 1216,04(8).
1216,04(8)=1×83+2×82+1×81+6×80+4× 8-2 = 512+128+8+6+0,0625 = 654,0625(10).
) 29A,5(16).
29A,5(16) = 2×162+9×161+10×160+5×16-1 = 512+144+10+0,3125 = 656,3125(10).
P . P = 2, 8 16 .
=2
|
|
=8
|
|
=16
+ | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 |
2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 |
3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 |
4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
8 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
9 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
A | A | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
B | B | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 1A |
C | C | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 1A | 1B |
D | D | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 1A | 1B | 1C |
E | E | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 1A | 1B | 1C | 1D |
F | F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 1A | 1B | 1C | 1D | 1E |
´ | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | A | C | E | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 1A | 1C | 1E |
3 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 9 | C | F | 12 | 15 | 18 | 1B | 1E | 21 | 24 | 27 | 2A | 2D |
4 | 0 | 4 | 8 | C | 10 | 14 | 18 | 1C | 20 | 24 | 28 | 2C | 30 | 34 | 38 | 3C |
5 | 0 | 5 | A | F | 14 | 19 | 1E | 23 | 28 | 2D | 32 | 37 | 3C | 41 | 46 | 4B |
6 | 0 | 6 | C | 12 | 18 | 1E | 24 | 2A | 30 | 36 | 3C | 42 | 48 | 4E | 54 | 5A |
7 | 0 | 7 | E | 15 | 1C | 23 | 2A | 31 | 38 | 3F | 46 | 4D | 54 | 5B | 62 | 69 |
8 | 0 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 20 | 28 | 30 | 38 | 40 | 48 | 50 | 58 | 60 | 68 | 70 | 78 |
9 | 0 | 9 | 12 | 1B | 24 | 2D | 36 | 3F | 48 | 51 | 5A | 63 | 6C | 75 | 7E | 87 |
A | 0 | A | 14 | 1E | 28 | 32 | 3C | 46 | 50 | 5A | 64 | 6E | 78 | 82 | 8C | 96 |
B | 0 | B | 16 | 21 | 2C | 37 | 42 | 4D | 58 | 63 | 6E | 79 | 84 | 8F | 9A | A5 |
C | 0 | C | 18 | 24 | 30 | 3C | 48 | 54 | 60 | 6C | 78 | 84 | 90 | 9C | A8 | B4 |
D | 0 | D | 1A | 27 | 34 | 41 | 4E | 5B | 68 | 75 | 82 | 8F | 9C | A9 | B6 | C3 |
E | 0 | E | 1C | 2A | 38 | 46 | 54 | 62 | 70 | 7E | 8C | 9A | A8 | B6 | C4 | D2 |
F | 0 | F | 1E | 2D | 3C | 4B | 5A | 69 | 78 | 87 | 96 | A5 | B4 | C3 | D2 | E1 |
3. :
) 10000000100(2) + 111000010(2) = 10111000110(2).
) 223,2(8) + 427,54(8) = 652,74(8).
) 3B3,6(16) + 38B,4(16) = 73E,A(16).
10000000100 223,2 3B3,6
+ 111000010 + 427,54 +38B,4
------------ ------- -----
10111000110 652,74 73E,A
4. :
) 1100000011,011(2) - 101010111,1(2) = 110101011,111(2).
) 1510,2(8) - 1230,54(8) = 257,44(8).
) 27D,D8(16) - 191,2(16) = EC,B8(16).
1100000011,011 1510,2 27D,D8
- 101010111,1 -1230,54 -191,2
-------------- ------- ------
110101011,111 257,44 EC,B8
5. :
) 100111(2) ´1000111(2) = 101011010001(2).
) 1170,64(8) ´ 46,3(8) = 57334,134(8).
) 61,A(16) ´ 40,D(16) = 18B7,52(16).
100111 1170,64 61,A
*1000111 * 46,3 *40,D
------------- -------------- ----------
100111 355 234 4F 52
+ 100111 + 7324 70 + 1868
|
|
100111 47432 0 ----------
100111 ------------- 18B7,52
------------- 57334,134
101011010001
:
- , , :
110100,112; | 123,418; | 1DE,C816. |
- , , :
1001111110111,01112; | 1011110011100,112; |
- , , :
10112, 112 111,12; | 7,58 14,68; | A,B16 E,F16; |
- , , :
1012 1111,0012; | 6,258 7,128. |
- :
101010 + (10616 - 110111012) - 128;
- 59 214 . .