, , , , ().
. . (..) , , . , ( ) ( ). ():
1. , , . N20, 20, l20, I20, g0, Fe0 ..
2. .
, .
+1 +7 -2
HClO4
-2
-2 Cl -2 +
-2 ͠ 2,1
Cl 3,0
Π 3,5
() , , , Cl4.
, :
N ≡ N (N)=3; ..(N)=0
+
+ C-2 -2 +
+
(C) = 2,5 () = 4 ..() = -2
() = 3,5 () = 2 ..() = -2
() = 2,1 () = 1 ..() = +1
3. , .
. , , (N) , . , III : Na+2, Mg+2, AI+3, Si+4, P+5, S+6, CI+7. , , , , , : , , , . , , , I .
, ns2n6. (N-8), N , . , III : Si-4, P-3, S-2,CI ˉ. . , : Mn+2, Mn+4, Mn+6, Mn+7; ..=+2 .
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. , , +4, .
4. :
) (+1);
) ( g) (+2); (+1) (+2);
) , (+3), Tl, (+1) (+3);
) F-
+1 -1 +2 -1
) H+, (NaH, CaH2 ..), (-1);
+1 -1 +2 -1
) -2, (22, 2 ..), (-1),
+1 -1/2 +1 -1/2
(2, NaO2 ..), ½,
+2 -1
F2.
5. . , , .
34. , , (+1) (-2) , : (+1)*3++(-2)*4 = 0, = +5.
(Cr27)2-.
(-2), , 2 +(-2)*7 = -2, = +6.
, .. . ,
+1 -1 +2 -1 +3 -1
: NaI,MgCI2, AIF3. , .
:
1. , . , , ; , . , , . :
AI 3e- AI3+
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H2 2e- 2H+
Fe 2+ - e- Fe3+
2. , . , , ; , . , , . :
S + 2e- S2-
CI2 + 2e- 2 CI ˉ
Fe3+ + e- Fe 2+
3., , . , FeCI2 Fe2+, FeCI3 - Fe3+.
4. , , .
5. , , , .
- . :
1. .
. :
Na0 + Cl Na+ Cl
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1 Cl2 + 2eˉ 2 Cl -
2 Na + Cl2 = 2Na+ + 2Cl
2 Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl
, ( , ..).
2. - ( ).
, . .
- :
1. .
2. - , , , , .
3. - , ( ), - .
4. , ; , , , .
5. , :
) , ;
) ( ) : , , , ; , 2, + :
-2+2+ =2 | -2+2=2 ˉ | -2+2=2 ˉ | |
2= -2+2+ | 2 = -2+2+ | 2 ˉ=-2+2 |
) ; ( ).
6. () .
7. . .6 () , .
8. , : , ( - ). -: H++OH ˉ= H2O.
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9. .
10. , , - (.3). .
11. .
:
1. .
:
KMnO4 + NaNO2 + H2SO4 MnSO4 + NaNO3 + H2O + K2SO4
- :
K++MnO + Na++NO +2H++ SO Mn2+ + SO + Na+ + NO + H2O + 2K+ +SO .
- :
+7 +3 +5
MnO +NO +2H+ Mn2+ + NO + H2O
- - - -
Mn +7 +2 ( ), , Mn ; Mn2+ - . +3 +5 ( ), , NO , NO .
:
2 MnO + 8 H + + 5e- Mn2+ + 4 H2 O -
10 +7 +(-5) = +2
5 NO + H2 O 2e- NO + 2 H + -
-1 -(-2) = +1
2MnO + 16H+ + 5NO + 5H2O = 2Mn2+ +8H2O + 5NO + 1OH+ ( - ).
, , ( ). + 2.
-
2MnO + 6H+ + 5NO 2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5NO .
2KMnO4 + 5 NaNO2 + 3 H2SO4 = 2MnSO4+5NaNO3 + 3H2O + K2SO4.
, :
K+ (2 = 2), Na+ (5 = 5), SO (3 = 3). : 30 = 30.
2. .
:
KMnO4 + NaNO2 + H2O MnO2 + NaNO3 + KOH
- :
K+ + MnO + Na+ + NO + H2O MnO2 + Na+ + NO + K+ + OH
- :
+7 +3 +4 +5
MnO + NO + H2O MnO2 + NO + OH-
- - - -
:
2 MnO + 2H2O + 3eˉ MnO2 +4OH -
6 -1 +(-3) = -4
3 NO + H2O 2eˉ NO + 2H+ -
-1 - (-2) = +1
2MnO + 4H2O + 3NO + 3 H2O 2MnO2 + 8 OH- + 3NO + 6H+.
, :
8 + 6+ = 62 + 2 .
- :
2MnO + 3NO + H2O 2MnO2 + 3 NO + 2OH .
2KMnO4 + 3NaNO2 + H2O 2MnO2 + 3NaNO3 + 2KOH.
, : Na+ (3 = 3); K+ (2 = 2). : 15 = 15.
3. .
:
KMnO4 + NaNO2 + KOH K2MnO4 + NaNO3 + H2O.
- :
K++MnO + Na++NO + K++ OH 2K++MnO + Na++NO + H2O.
- :
+7 +3 +6 +5
MnO + NO +OH MnO + NO + H2O
o- - - -
:
2 MnO + 1e- MnO
1 NO + 2OH - 2e- NO + H2O
-3 - (-2) = -1
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2 MnO + NO +2OH 2MnO + NO + H2O ( - ).
2KMnO4 + NaNO2 + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 + NaNO3 + H2O
, : + (4 = 4); Na+ (1 = 1). : 12 = 12.