| Text. What are Human Rights Vocabulary in use |
Task 1: read international words paying attention to the stress
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| pre'vent | rea'lize | formu'late | 'standard | inter'vene |
| 'conflict | 'race | criti'cize | articu'late | democ'ratic |
Task 2: read and translate the text
What are Human Rights (by Michelle Maiese)
The 1993 World Conference on Human Rights affirmed the crucial connection between international peace and security and the rule of law and human rights, placing them all within the larger context of democratization and development.
The United Nations is increasingly combining efforts to prevent or end conflicts with measures aimed at reducing human rights abuses in situations of internal violence. Special emphasis is placed on ensuring the protection of minorities, strengthening democratic institutions, realizing the right to development and securing universal respect for human rights.
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are considered entitled: the right to life, liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equal treatment before the law, among others. These rights represent entitlements of the individual or groups vis-À-vis the government, as well as responsibilities of the individual and the government authorities.
Such rights are ascribed "naturally," which means that they are not earned and cannot be denied on the basis of race, creed, ethnicity or gender. These rights are often advanced as legal rights and protected by the rule of law. However, they are distinct from and prior to law, and can be used as standards for formulating or criticizing both local and international law. It is typically thought that the conduct of governments and military forces must comply with these standards.
While human rights are not always interpreted similarly across societies, these norms nonetheless form a common human rights vocabulary in which the claims of various cultures can be articulated. The widespread ratification of international human rights agreements is taken as evidence that these are widely shared values. Having human rights norms in place imposes certain requirements on governments and legitimizes the complaints of individuals in those cases where fundamental rights and freedoms are not respected. Such norms constitute a standard for the conduct of government and the administration of force. They can be used as "universal, non-discriminatory standards" for formulating or criticizing law and act as guidelines for proper conduct.
Many conflicts are sparked by a failure to protect human rights, and the trauma that results from severe human rights violations often leads to new human rights violations. As conflict intensifies, hatred accumulates and makes restoration of peace more difficult. In order to stop this cycle of violence, states must institute policies aimed at human rights protection. Many believe that the protection of human rights "is essential to the sustainable achievement of the three agreed global priorities of peace, development and democracy." Respect for human rights has therefore become an integral part of international law and foreign policy. The specific goal of expanding such rights is to "increase safeguards for the dignity of the person."
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Despite what resembles a widespread consensus on the importance of human rights and the expansion of international treaties on such matters, the protection of human rights still often leaves much to be desired. Although international organizations have been created or utilized to embody these values, there is little to enforce the commitments states have made to human rights. Military intervention is a rare occurrence. Sanctions have a spotty track record of effectiveness. Although not to be dismissed as insignificant, often the only consequence for failing to protect human rights is "naming and shaming."
Numerous reports, compiled by the United Nations (UN) and various human rights organizations, have cited gross violations of human rights in Africa, especially within the context of internal armed conflicts. In light of this scenario, the question of whether or not a right to humanitarian intervention exists has become even more pertinent.
To protect human rights is to ensure that people receive some degree of decent, humane treatment. Because political systems that protect human rights are thought to reduce the threat of world conflict, all nations have a stake in promoting worldwide respect for human rights. International human rights law, humanitarian intervention law and refugee law all protect the right to life and physical integrity and attempt to limit the unrestrained power of the state. These laws aim to preserve humanity and protect against anything that challenges people's health, economic well-being, social stability and political peace. Underlying such laws is the principle of nondiscrimination, the notion that rights apply universally. (adopted)
Vocabulary:
to reduce human rights abuses
the protection of minorities
to be entitled to
shared values
decent, humane treatment
to cite violation
internal armed conflicts
sparked conflicts
to challenge
to have a stake
Task 3: fill in missing words and prepositions
1. The UN does its best to prevent conflicts . measures aimed reducing human rights abuses. 2. Human rights cannot be denied . the basis of race, creed, ethnicity or gender. 3. Human rights are protected . the rule of law. 4. The widespread ratification of international human rights agreements is taken as of widely shared values. 5. Many conflicts are sparked by .to protect human rights. 6. . for human rights has become an integral part of international law and foreign policy. 7. The protection of human rights still much to be desired. 8. People have the rights to receive some degree of decent, humane ...9. Special laws aim to protect .. anything challenging people's health, economic , social stability and political peace. 10. The protection of human rights is essential to the sustainable achievement of the three agreed global priorities of .., , ...
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Task 4: give the English equivalents
, , , , , , , , ,
Task 5: match the notion and its explanation
| priority | fight, struggle, quarrel, opposition or disagreement |
| faith | honour, high opinion or regard, esteem of a person or quality |
| conflict | belief in divine truth without proof, religion |
| respect | claim to consideration, high place among competing claims |
Task 6: define the correct completion of the sentences
1. The World Conference on Human Rights affirmed the connection between ..
a) armed intervention and human rights b) international security and human rights c) political stability and human rights
2. The UN combines efforts to prevent..
a) crime commitment b) human rights violation c) volcano eruption
3. The ratification of international human rights agreements is taken as evidence of...
a) widely shared ideas b) widely shared values c) widely share theories
4. Many conflicts are sparked by a failure to protect
a) economic development b) persons dignity c) political stability
5. To protect human rights is to ensure ..
a) economic well-being b) humane treatment c) political security
Task 7: ask the questions matching the following answers
1. The 1993 World Conference on Human Rights affirmed the crucial connection between international peace and security and the rule of law and human rights. 2. Special emphasis is placed on ensuring the protection of minorities, strengthening democratic institutions. 3. Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are considered entitled: the right to life, liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equal treatment before the law. 4. The rights confirmed by UN can be used as standards for formulating or criticizing both local and international law. 5. Many conflicts are sparked by a failure to protect human rights. 6. The protection of human rights "is essential to the sustainable achievement of the three agreed global priorities of peace, development and democracy." 7. Many reports have cited gross violations of human rights in Africa. 8. International human rights law, humanitarian intervention law and refugee law all protect the right to life and physical integrity.
Task 8: translate into English
, , , , . . . . . , , , , , , , , .
Vocabulary:
unestranged
indication
be exposed to (subjected to)
inviolability of private life
