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FAQ

The Continuous forms. The Past Continuous tense.

(Past Continuous) , , , . , . , .

I was writing a letter to my friend at 5 o'clock yesterday. from 5 to 6 on Sunday. when my brother came. while my mother was cooking dinner.

(Past Continuous) to be Past Indefinite -ing .
I, he, she, it We, you, they was writing were writing was not writing were not writing Was I (he, she, it) writing? Were we (you, they) writing?
       

was not = wasn't
were not = weren't

THE PERFECT FORMS. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. , . , .

She has read this book. . ( .)

Present Perfect just - , already - , yet - , lately - , of late - , recently - .

The mail has just come. .
He has seen many films lately. .

2. , , , , today - , this week - , this month - , this century - .

I have written a letter this morning. .

3. , .

I have known him all my life. .
I have known him for 2 years. 2 .
He has not seen his parents since January. .

4. Present Perfect always - , often - , seldom - , ever - -, never - .

She has never been to London. .
Have you ever been to Moscow? - ?

Present Perfect to have Present Indefinite Participle II ( II) .

I, we, you, they He, she, it have seen has seen I, we, you, they He, she, it have not seen has not seen Have I (we, you, they) seen? Has he (she, it) seen?          

I have = I've
He has = He's
I have not = I haven't
He has not = He hasn't

THE PERFECT FORMS. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE.

Past Perfect , .

He had finished his work when I came. by 3 o'clock yesterday. before she arrived home.
( ) . 3- . , .

They went home after they had finished their work. , .

Past Perfect to have Past Indefinite Participle II ( II) .

I had worked I had not worked Had I worked ?

I had = I'd
I had not = I hadn't

THE PERFECT FORMS. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

Future Perfect , .

He will have finished his work when I come. by 3 o'clock tomorrow. by the time you come back.
, . 3- . , .

Future Perfect to have Future Indefinite Participle II ( II) .

I, we He, she, it you, they will have worked I, we He, she, it, you, they will not have worked Shall (will) I (we) have worked? Will he (she, it, you, they) have worked?          

.
will , , , .

. (Active Voice) , , .

He often asks questions. .

(Passive Voice) , , .

He is often asked questions. .

to be Participle II ( II) .

 

Present

Past

Future

Indefinite I he (she) we (you, they) am asked is asked are asked I (he, she) we (you, they) was asked were asked I (we) he (she, you, they) will be asked Continuous I he (she) we (you, they) am being asked is being asked are being asked I (he, she) we (you, they) was being asked were being asked     Perfect I, we, you, they he (she) have been asked has been asked I (he, she, we, you, they) had been asked I, we he, she, you, they will have been asked

.

Indefinite Passive (to be + Participle II)

  1. The newspapers are delivered every morning. (Present Indefinite Passive) .
  2. This book was bought a month ago. (Past Indefinite Passive) .
  3. The letter will be mailed tomorrow. (Future Indefinite Passive) .

Continuous Passive (to be + being + Participle II).
  1. The house is being repaired. (Present Continuous Passive) .
  2. When John was ill he was being taught at home. (Past Continuous Passive) , .

Perfect Passive (to have + been + Participle II)

  1. This letter has been brought by the secretary. (Present Perfect Passive) . ( )
  2. He decided to become a writer only when his first story had been published. (Past Perfect Passive) , .
  3. By the 1st of July the last exam will have been passed (Future Perfect Passive) .

: ) ; ) -; ) - .

The house is built. ) . ) . ) .

. :

hear of -
laugh at -
look after - (-)
look at -
rely on -
send fo r -
speak of (about) -
pay attention to -
take care of -

The book is much spoken about. .
He can't be relied on. .

:

to listen to - -, -
to look for - -
to provide for - -, -
to explain to - -

He was listened to with great attention. .

, , , , , , .

To translate () the text I used a dictionary. , .
Smoking () is not allowed here. () .
The stars shining ( I) in the dark sky seem blue. , , .

(the Infinitive) - , . ( I) . to: to help - , to read - . to :

  1. shall, will.

He will write to his parents tomorrow. .

  1. ( ought).

She can ski and skate. .

  1. feel, see, hear, watch .

We saw him enter. , .

  1. let (), have, make ().

What makes you think so? ?
Let me take this book, please. , .

  1. had better (), would rather ( ).

You had better go now. / . I must see you at once. .

.

  Active Passive
Indefinite to write to be written
Continuous to be writing
Perfect to have written to have been written
Perfect Continuous to have been writing

, , , - , .

I like to help. .
I like to be helped. , .

Indefinite Active , . Continuous Active .

She likes to write letters. .
She must be still writing. , , .

, - ( ).
, , -.

I am glad to study at the University. , .
I am glad to have studied at the University. , .

:

a. .

To walk in the garden was very pleasant. .
To read a lot is to know much. - .

b. .

To read the book I went to the reading-hall. , .

c. .
:

    1. .

He is going to take part in the conference to be held in Moscow. , .

    1. .

I have nothing to sky. .

    1. , .

She was the first to come. .

  1. .

He was glad to have been given a new job. , .
I decided to read this book. .

  1. ( ).

You may come in. .
We ought to leave early in the morning. .
My wish is to read much. - .

.
The Complex Object (Objective - with - the - Infinitive Construction).

.

.

He wants the book to be returned tomorrow. , .

.
The Complex Subject (The Nominative - with - the - Infinitive Construction).

. .

Sheisexpectedtocomeanyminute. , .
The water seems to be boiling. , .
The Delegation is reported to have left London. , .
He is likely to know her address. , , .
He is sure to be asked about it. , , .
She is said to be very beautiful. . .
The car was seen to disappear. , .

:

1. , - to see, to hear, to notice . , - to think, to consider, to expect . ( ); to say, to report, to ask, to order, to announce ( ).

2. to be likely (), to be unlikely (), to be certain / to be sure ( / ).

3. to seem / to appear ( / -), to prove / to turn out (), to happen ().

FOR.
The For - to - Infinitive Construction.

for. .

It's easy for me to answer this question. .
It will be very pleasant for us to spend a week in England. .
There was nothing else for me to say. .
It is for you to decide. .
Here are some books for you to read. ( ).

II

II (Participle II) - (III ), , . .

II , Past Indefinite, -ed t o ask - asked, to help - helped.

I, II , . , . , II, - .

The book discussed yesterday was interesting. , , .
The books discussed at the lessons are always interesting. , , .

II

II :

a. .

Lost time is never found again. ( - ).
A written letter lay on the table. .
They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th century. , 18 .

b. . II if, unless, when. , , .

If built of the local stone, the road will serve for years. ( ) , .

.
I.

.

I saw her crossing the street. , .

" I" - the Objective - with - the - Participle I Construction - , , , , . I - Participle I Indefinite Active.

, . to see, to hear, to watch, to feel . .

They watched him entering the house. , .
I saw John passing our house. , .

" II" - the Objective - with - the - Participle II I, , II , , . . :

  1. to see, to hear, to feel, to watch .;
  2. , to want, to wish .;
  3. to have, to get.

We head his name mentioned. , .
I want the work done. , .
I have my photo taken. .

.

.

, , (the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) Participle I, Participle II.

  1. I. I , , - . ( ) I. , , ( ). . . .

The weather permitting, we shall go to the country. , . ()
It being very cold, we could not go for a walk. , . ()
The sun having risen, we continued our way. , , . ()
The article having been translated, the student showed it to the teacher. () , . ( )
  1. II. : , , II. .

His work finished, he went home. , .

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