1. .. 3
, .. 3
. .. 4
1. 12
2. .. 15
, .. 15
. .. 15
2. 19
3. ... 21
, .. 21
. .. 23
3. 33
4. . .. 40
, .. 40
. .. 41
4. 45
1.
,
1. , . . , , , .
: (, , , ) . ( , , ) :
. , . () ( , , , ).
. .
, , .
, ( , ), Q, .
2. , ( ) ( ):
(1.1)
Q, , , . , , , .
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, , .
3. Q , :
(1.2)
m:
(1.3)
, m, :
(1.3)
, c V C V , (=0).
4. , . , .
) , ( =0), , m,
(1.4)
l - .
, . .
) m, , , ,
(1.5)
R . . , , (1.5).
m
Rk , . ( =0) .
) , . , .
m
(1.6)
q .
.
1. . . ( ), . , . , (1.1) Q, ΔU .
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2. . , , . , , , . (1.1) , , :
(1.7)
, (A =0).
, , :
(1.7´)
:
(1.8)
, (7.8) :
(1.8´)
, , , , .
(1.8) , .
:
) , , , . , .
) (1.7) , , (1.7´) , , .
(1.8) , (1.8), .
... ; .
(1.8) (1.8´) , . .
3. , . . , , .
:
(1.9)
.
) , , , , , . , , , . . Q =0.
) (1.9) , , ... . (1.9) ... . , - A,
(1.9´)
, , , - U,
(1.9´´)
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) (1.9) (1.9´´), ΔU.
:
ΔU :
( );
( );
( ).
ΔU , . , , .
) , .
4. . . Q, .
(1.1). , . 2 3.
1. mM =200 =1 = -10. =200 , =110. ? 100 110 =1.7·103 /( ).
. ) , . , Q =0 =0.
, , . , , , 0.
) : =100 , , .
, , . , . : =0 , .
, :
, , :
.
, , , . , : , . , . , , , , ( ) (). . , , , , ( ).
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2. T 1=10. m 0=1 , ? , ? =4.19·103/( ), =2.1·103 /( ). λ =3.3·105 /.
. , , . 0. .
, . , . , , , . , . , , , .
, Q =0, =0 .
m 2
.
T 1 T 0=0 m 1 T 0- T 1 ( , 0 ). ,
, :
(1)
,
. (2)
(1)(2) :
.
, , , , . .
(3)
T . :
3. T =0. . , ? 0 R =24.8·105 /. =3.3·105 /.
. , . , , , , . (Q =0) ( =0), , , , .
,
(1)
(2)
(1)(2) :
4. , =195, =24 =1 3 =20. , , =00C ==22.5 =40 . , . =0.8 /3, =3.3·105 /.
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. , , , , . , , , :
. , , ,
Q ( ); k , ; .
. ,
.