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:

































 

 

 

 


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.

, (OH), .

 

R OH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH

-1 (1- )

HO R OH HO CH2 CH2 OH

-1,2

 

, , (OH).

():

I. (R):

() (CH3CH2)

() (CH2=CH, CH≡C ..)

(C6H5CH2−).

II. , .. ( ):

:

- ()

- ..

III. , :

( , ),

( , ),

( , ).

, , , :

OH O

/ //

RCH → RC + H2O

\ \

OH H

, , .

, - , .. , (, 2=͖), :

) −

CH3−CH=CHOH → CH3CH2−CH=O

)

CH2=COH → CH3C=O

| |

CH3 CH3

.

- , , . , , , -. -, - .. ( ). - (, ). , ( ). , (2).

( ) ,
CH3−OH
CH3CH2−OH
CH3CH2CH2−OH -1 -1
CH3CH2CH2CH2−OH -1 ( ) -1
CH3−CH2−CH(OH)CH3 -1 ( ) -2
(CH3)2CHCH2−OH 2--1 2---1
CH3−(CH3)C(OH) CH3 2--2 ( ) 2---2
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2−OH -1 -1
CH2=CH−OH
C6H5CH2−OH
HO−CH2CH2−OH -1,2
HO−CH2−CH(OH)CH2−OH -1,2,3

.

  1. , C3

3 2 1 3 2 1

CH3CH2CH2−OH CH3CHOH

|

CH3

2-

. ( )

4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

CH2=CHCH2CH2−OH CH3CH=CHCH2−OH

-3-1 -2-1

.

3 2 1 3 2 1

CH2CH2CH2−OH CH3CHCH2−OH

| |

Cl Cl

3--1 2--1

. ()

3 2 1 3 2 1

CH2CH2CH2−OH CH3CHCH3

|

OH

-1( ) -2 ( )

- .

  1. ( )

4 3 2 1

CH3CH=CHCH2−OH

H3C CH2−OH H CHO

\ / \ /

C = C C = C

/ \ / \

H H H3C H

--2-1 --2-1

  1. :

) , C2

3 2 1

CH3CH2CH2−OH CH3OCH2−CH3

-1

 

4. .

, ( 1225) . . , () , ( R, 9 , ), . .

, , , , , . . , .

- .

- - -H─O - - - H─O - - - H─O - - -

| | |

R R R

, , , t. +78 , t. 88,63 ; t. +117,4 0,5 . , , ; .

, , . , , , .

, , − . - , − . .

.

1. ( )

CH3−CH2−Cl + NaOH → CH3−CH2−OH + NaCl

Cl−CH2−CH2−Cl + 2NaOH → HO−CH2−CH2−OH + NaCl

2. ( H2SO4 )

H2C=CH2 + HOH → CH3−CH2−OH,

CH3−HC=CH2 + HOH → CH3−CH2−CH2−OH

3. ( ) ( )

3= + 232−−,

3(=)−CH3 + 23(−)−CH3.

4. :

)

CO + 2H2 → CH3OH

) ()

C6H12O6 → C2H5OH + CO2

, - , , . , , - . , : , , ..

) (-1,2) , , KMnO4,

CH2=CH2 + [O] + H2O → HO−CH2−CH2−OH

3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O → 3 HO−CH2CH2−OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH

) (-1,2,3)

 

CH2−O−C(=O)−R CH2−OH

| |

CH−O−C(=O)−R + 3NaOH ↔ CH−OH + Na−O−C(=O)−R

| |

CH2−O−C(=O)−R CH2−OH

) , .

CH3 | CH || CH2 + Cl2 CH2−Cl | CH || CH2 + NaOH CH2−OH | CH || CH2 + HO−OH CH2−OH | CH−OH | CH−OH
− HCl − NaCl (WO3)




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