| CH4 | CH3 | ||
| C2H6 | C2H5 | ||
| C3H8 | C3H7 | ||
| C4H10 | C4H9 | ||
| C5H12 | C5H11 | ||
| C6H14 | C6H13 | ||
| C7H16 | C7H15 | ||
| C8H18 | C8H17 | ||
| C9H20 | C9H19 | ||
| C10H22 | C10H21 |
: (, , , ); =20 (, ); (, ).
.
( 75 95% ), , .
:
1) .
- Al4C3
Al4C3 +H2O CH4 + Al(OH)3;
-
Al4C3 + HCl CH4 + AlCl3
Al4C3 +H2SO4 CH4 + Al2(SO4)3;
2)
+ 22 4 ( , (Ni, Pt, Pd)
3) ( 2) ( )
- :
2=2 + 2 33 ( : Ni)
- :
º + 22 33 ( : Ni)
4) ,
- :
23Cl + 2Na 33 + 2NaCl ( : )
- :
2C2H5Cl + 2Na C4H10 + 2NaCl (: )
.
5) ( ) . .
-
3Na + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3 (: )
-
32 + 33 + 2CO3 (: )
6)
23Na + 22 33 + 22 + 2 + 2NaOH ( )
232 + 22 3223 + 22 + 2 + 2OH
1. .
) ( ) .
, .
-
4 + Cl2 3Cl + HCl (: hʋ)
- 2-
323 + r2 3͖3 + HBr (: hʋ)
Br
.
|
|
|
H
| |
+Cl2 H C Cl +HCl
| |
H
.
H
| |
+Cl2 H C Cl +HCl
| |
l Cl
H
| |
l +Cl2 Cl C Cl +HCl
| |
l Cl
Cl Cl
| |
l +Cl2 Cl C Cl +HCl
| |
l Cl
) ( )
4 + NO3 (.) 3NO2 + H2O (: )
323 + NO3 3͖3 + H2O
|
NO2
- 2- (: )
2. .
) ( )
33 2=2 + 2 ( ; , Ni, Cr2O3)
) ()
- :
614 66 + 42 (: , )
- ( ) :
716 663 + 42
3.
)
4 + 22 ( , , , ; 1000 º)
26 2 + 32 ( 1000 º)
1500 º ( )
4 º + 32
) : . .
818 410 () + 48 () ( )
) ( AlCl3):
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
3
|
3 2 3 ( 2,2,4-)
| |
3 3
, .. , .. .
4.
)
4 + 2 2 + 2
.
:
nH2n+2 + 
O2 nCO2 + (n+1) H2O
)
3223 + 2 2 3 + 2 ( MnO2 ) .
5.
4 + 2 + 32 ( : 800º, ). -.
