.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


.




. .

:

I.

II. .

, . , , . % .

, .

:

, , , .

, H2SiO3nH2O, , 1000. . , , , .

:

1. (, ...)

2. () .

3. , .

4. .

5.

6. ( | )

7. .

8. .

9.

:

(F) a b, , :

F = (.-) / b(..).

, b ; (.-) , ; (..).

.

 

1. g:

) :

 

g = × (.-)×0,5/ × (..)

)

g = × (.-)×0,1/ × (..)

g , ; ()

(); 0,5 0,1 () ; (.-) - ; (..)

.

2. - V, :

 

V =1,5 × ×o× g×100/ × (.-) × ×ρ

 

1,5 , , ; - ; o (.-) -

; g , ; , %; ρ -, /3.

3. :

 

x = mF 100/ g;

 

, %; m

, ; F ; g , .

1. : K→ K2PtCl6→ Pt

: :

2K(OB)→ K2PtCl6→ Pt()

(.-) = K= 39; = 2;

(..). = 195; b= 1

F= 239/1195 =0,400

2. Fe(NO3)3∙ 62, Fe23.

, :

F3+ + 3-→ F()3

2 F()3 → Fe23+ 32 . .

2 Fe(NO3)3(OB)→2 F()3→ Fe23()

(.-) = Fe(NO3)3∙ 62 = 350; = 2;

(..) = Fe23= 160; b = 1;

) :

 

g = × (.-)×0,5/ × (..)

)

g = × (.-)×0,1/ × (..)

g , ; ()

(); 0,5 0,1 () ; (.-) - ; (..)

.

g =2 ×350× 0,1/1× 160=0, 4375.

2. , .

, :

3 + 2+2+ + 2+ 2

2+ + 22424 + 2+

24→ +↑+2

3 (OB)→ 2+24 → ()

3 , = b = 1. :

(.-) =M =100; = 1

(..) =M = 56; b = 1

g =1 ×100× 0,5/1× 56=0,8927.

3. NH4OH 10,4% ( 0,956 /3), AlCl3 0,5 .

:

AlCl3 + 3NH4 → Al()3 + 3NH4Cl.

, AlCl3

NH4Cl, . . =3, b= 1.

.

V= 1,5× 3× 35,05× 0,5000×100/1×133,34×10,4×0,956 = 5,95 .

121. 0,010 , , , . ?

122. : ) , ; ) , ?

123. (NH2)2 (III)?

124. , ?

125. K2C2O4, Na2C2O4, H2C2O4 (NH4)2C2O4 ?

126. ?

127. ?

128. ?

129. ? .

130. 1,500 0,2105 . (%) . : 5,08%.

131. Fe3O4 0,200 Fe2O3. : 0,19 .

132. HF, : HF → CaF2 → CaSO4. : 0,2939.

133. , : As → As2S3 → SO42- → BaSO4. : 0,2140.

134. 2, : CaC2 → H2C2 → Ag2C2 → AgCl. : 0,2236.

135. 1,225 CaSO4 0,3756 . (%) Ca3(PO4)2 . : 23,29%.

136. Mg(C9H6ON)2 0,2872 . ? : 0,0223 .

137. 97% BaCl22 H2O. 0,300 BaSO4. : 0,320 .

138. (ρ= 1,17 /3) AgCl 2,0 , 22 % Ag, ? : 0,56 .

139. 2SO4 (ρ = 1,24 /3) 0,350 SO4? : 1,5 .

140. (%) Ag , 0,2466 0,2675 . : 81,64%.

 

, . .

. , , . - . . 4- (0,11,0 ).

, ,

-, -,

;

, , , , .

:

( 1 2SO4);

( NaOH Ba(OH)2);

( KnO4);

( - K2Cr2O7);

( I2 KI) ..

, ( ), : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) . .

, , . , .

, . .

, , () .

: .

, , () . : C1V1 = C2V2

.

. 1 . . , H2SO4 0,0049 /, , 0,0049 . .

() .

:

+ → , ; .

( 1); 1 2:

+ 1 → + 1,

1 + 2 → .

( ) ( , ). (), , :

+ → + ,

+ → , ; ;

.

,

- (

- ) .

[f.()] , , .

[()⋅f.()] , .

, :

C1 ⋅ V1 = C2 ⋅V2.

[()⋅f . ] 1 , /.

(. .) , . . . .

(. . .) ( ) , . . , . . . . . . . . . , - . V (. .) ≠ V(. . .). .

, , . -, -, ( ) .

 

1. (ω, %) FeSO47H2O , 90%.

. .

1) , , : Fe2+ , .

2) , ( ..)

 

3) : ( ), .

4) , . , . .

, . , m = 0,5988 .

5) : , (20-25 3) 203 2 H2SO4 0,1 KMnO4 .

6) . 2 :

) ;

) .

 

 

141. 1 (ω = 75%)

142. As2O3 1 (ω = 90%)

143. 1 (ω = 40%)

144. 1 (ω = 80%)

145. CaCl2 1 (ω = 75%)

146. 1 (ω = 80%)

147. 1 (ω = 80%)

148. (II) 1 (ω = 60%)

149. (II) 1 (ω = 70%)

150. 1 (ω = 50%)

151. 1 (ω = 75%)

152. As2O3 1 (ω = 90%)

153. 1 (ω = 40%)

154. 1 (ω = 80%)

155. CaCl2 1 (ω = 75%)

156. 1 (ω = 80%)

157. 1 (ω = 80%)

158. (II) 1 (ω = 60%)

159. (III) 1 (ω = 70%)

160. (NH4)224 1 (ω = 50%)

 

01, 21, 41, 61, 81 1, 21, 41, 61, 81, 101, 121, 141
02, 22, 42, 62, 82 2, 22, 42, 62, 82, 102, 122, 142
03, 23, 43, 63, 83 3, 23, 43, 63, 83, 103, 123, 143
04, 24, 44, 64, 84 4, 24, 44, 64, 84, 104, 124, 144
05, 25, 45, 65, 85 5, 25, 45, 65, 85, 105, 125, 145
06, 26, 46, 66, 86 6, 26, 46, 66, 86, 106, 126, 146
07, 27, 47, 67, 87 7, 27, 47, 67, 87, 107, 127, 147
08, 28, 48, 68, 88 8, 28, 48, 68, 88, 108, 128, 148
09, 29, 49, 69, 89 9, 29, 49, 69, 89, 109, 129, 149
10, 30, 50, 70, 90 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150
11, 31, 51, 71, 91 11, 31, 51,71, 91, 111, 131, 151
12, 32, 52, 72, 92 12, 32, 52, 72, 92, 112, 132, 152
13, 33, 53, 73, 93 13, 33, 53, 73, 93, 113, 133, 153
14, 34, 54, 74, 94 14, 34, 54, 74, 94, 114, 134, 154
15, 35, 55, 75, 95 15, 35, 55, 75, 95, 115, 135, 155
16, 36, 56, 76, 96 16, 36, 56, 76, 96, 116, 136, 156
17, 37, 57, 77, 97 17, 37, 57, 77, 97, 117, 137, 157
18, 38, 58, 78, 98 18, 38, 58, 78, 98, 118, 138, 158
19, 39, 59, 79, 99 19, 39, 59, 79, 99, 119, 139, 159
20, 40, 60, 80, 00 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160

 

1. .., .. . .: , 1976.

2. .. . .: , 1973.

3. .. . .: , 1989.

4. .., .. . .: , 1993.

5. .. . .: , 1984.

6. .. . .: , 1976.

7. .. . .: , 1979.

 

 

.

- .

 

I K+, Na+, NH4+ , , . K+, Na+, NH4+
II Ag+, Pb2+ . 2 HCl AgCl PbCl2
III Ca2+, Ba2+, (Pb2+) . 1 H2SO4 CaSO4, BaSO4, (PbSO4)
IV Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, (Sb3+) . 4 (KOH, NaOH) [Al(OH)4]- [Cr(OH)4]- [Zn(OH)4]2- [Sn(OH)3]- ([Sb(OH)4]-)
V Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Sb3+ . 25% (NH3H2O) Mg(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Sb(OH)3,(H3SbO3)
VI Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+ 25% NH3H2O [Cu(NH3)4]2+ [Co(NH3)6]2+ [Ni(NH3)6]2+

 

 

I SO42-, CO32-, PO43-,SiO32- BaCl2 BaSO4, BaCO3, Ba3(PO4)2, BaSiO3
II Cl-, S2- AgNO3 HNO3 AgCl, Ag2S
III NO3- - -
IV MoO42-, WO42-, VO3- Zn, HCl , , W2O5, Mo2O5, VOCl2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 





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