The Motionless Electromagnetic Generator: How It Works.
T. E. Bearden, August 26, 2003
The Problem: Detail the functioning of the motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG) {1} and why its COP > 1.0 operation is permissible.
The solution: We explain:
- The overwhelming importance of the magnetic vector potential, particularly when one looks through quantum electrodynamic eyes and in various gauges.
- The Aharonov-Bohm mechanism {2} utilized by the MEG {3,4,5}.
- Why the potential energy of any EM system (such as the MEG) can be freely changed at will, and for free, in accord with the gauge freedom principle {6}.
- The difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical regauging {7,8}.
- Why a nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) system freely receiving energy from its environment can exhibit COP > 1.0.
- The direct analogy between the MEG and a common COP = 3.0 heat pump {9}.
Discussion 1: Potentials are real and force fields are derived.
- The old notion that potentials were merely mathematical conveniences has long been falsified, particularly by the Aharonov-Bohm effect {2}, extended to the Berry phase {10}, and further extended to the geometric phase {11}. There are some 20,000 physics papers on geometric phase, Berry phase, and Aharonov-Bohm effect.
- In quantum electrodynamics, potentials are primary and force fields are derived.
- The force fields only exist in mass, and are the effects of the interaction of the force-free fields in space that exist as curvatures of spacetime. There are no force fields in space; there are only gradients of potentials. Spacetime itself is an intense potential. Quoting Feynman {12}:
"We may think of E(x, y, z, t) and B(x, y, z, t) as giving the forces that would be experienced at the time t by a charge located at (x, y, z), with the condition that placing the charge there did not disturb the positions or motion of all the other charges responsible for the fields."
- The distinction between E-field and B-field is blurred. As Jackson {13} points out:
"E and B have no independent existence. A purely electromagnetic field in one coordinate system will appear as a mixture of electric and magnetic fields in another coordinate frame. the fields are completely interrelated, and one should properly speak of the electromagnetic field Fab, rather than E or B separately."
In other words, one can have a magnetic component and at least partially turn it into an electric component, or vice versa. This is important to the MEGs operation.
Jackson {14} also points out that, for the Coulomb or transverse gauge:
"...transverse radiation fields are given by the vector potential alone, the instantaneous Coulomb potential contributing only to the near fields. This gauge is particularly useful in quantum electrodynamics. A quantum-mechanical description of photons necessitates quantization of only the vector potential. [In the Coulomb gauge] the scalar potential 'propagates' instantly everywhere in space. The vector potential, on the other hand, satisfies the wave equation... with its implied finite speed of propagation c."
Thus it is of primary importance to consider both the scalar potential f and the vector potential A in a system or circuit, and in its surrounding space. In the MEG, one must particularly consider the magnetic vector potential A.
Indeed, the magnetic vector potential A is so important that it can be taken as the basis of EM energy inherent in the active vacuum {15}.
Magnetic vector potential A comes in two varieties: (i) the normal A-potential, which has a curl component called the B-field, and (ii) a curl-free A-potential without a curl component and therefore without the B-field (also called a field-free A-potential).
