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Mildheortnysse Drihtnes full is eore.

That halig treow innan tham tempel lay and therinne fela wundra wrohte

weron thurh that halig treow.

Ame dogge, go herut; hwat wultu nu herinne?

This is nou inouh of thisse witte iseid et tisse cherre, to warnie theo selie; we

schulen thauh son hereafter speken herof more.

And hem seolf mid waene ferde into ane watere therinne he adronc.

We ben sondes for nede driuen to bigen coren thorbi to liuen.

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III . , . . - . .. , , , 1. , . . ( .. ): - ; - ; - ; - ; - 2. . , , . .. : ) , , , , , ) , , . .. , , . . , . , , , , .. . .. , , : 1. , ; 2. : , ; 3. : 1. : 1. : - - - - - - ; 2. : - - - - - ; 3. (, ) . . , , .. ; , , , .. . , , , , , . , . .. : - - (, ); - - ( , ); - (, ). XX . , some sort of, to be good enough at, chap, lad, bloke, stuff, kid, guy, pal, chum, exam, fridge, flu, movie, minerals,thing, to chuck, something, to quit, to fire, to put up with something, to make up, to do away, to turn up etc. , , , , , .. - - . - (doc, shut up, topick up somebody). - , , ., damn, confounded, beastly, lousy. , ., damned pretty, damned nice, beastly mean. , .. , : - ( ) , : molly-coddle, drifter; - : gaffer (grandfather), baccy (tobacco), feller, fella (fellow); - : granny, daddy, lassie, piggy; - ; : hedgehog (an unmanageable, difficult person); - : gee!, eh?, well, huh, etc. , , . . , , , , ., mug, saucers, lamps, blinkers, trap, nuts. , . .. , , . , .., , 1. , , . , . , , , . , , . , , , , . , , . . , , . , . : , . , . , , , , , , chuck, chow, grub, hash (food), dough, jack, tin, brass, slippery stuff, bones (money), za (pizza), sounds (music), digits (telephone). , , golden, toxic, hype, decent etc.:: gnarly,beige, wacky, cheesy, etc. , , , , , ., rags (clothes), pretty (silly). , , , (, , , , , , ..). : godbox (church), foo-foo water (eau de cologne), pig (fat woman), bear (policeman), Christmas tree (a drunk person), student (a person who has recently started using drugs), taxi (5-15 year sentence), horse (crib), laughing soup (champagne, alcohol), joint (a cigarette with marijuana), hormone (a person who keeps thinking and talking about sex), fossil (a student who has beenstudying for too long), etc. , , ., zombie (an addicted marijuana smoker). , , : jeopardy champion (a smart person), fred (a fool from the Flintstones series). , , ., killing astonishing (), skirt girl (), clear as mud (), etc. . , , . , . , . .. , , . , , , . , ., (), , , , , , ( : , , ) .. . , , . , ,, picture show (battle), sewing machine (machine-gun), an egg (cadet pilot). . , , , , : big gun (an important person). , . , ., GI (an American soldier). .. : ) (damn, bloody, to hell, goddamn, etc.); ) . , , . , , , , .., . , , . , , , , . : tin-fish (submarine), piper (a specialist who decorates pasty with the help of a cream-pipe), outer (a knock-out blow). .. , . , , - , ; . .. : , 1. , , . , , . , lass, lad, daft, fash - . . : bin (been), hev (have). (, , ..). , : housecoat (dressing gown), parvel ( ), linny (), clumper ( ), aput ( , ), do-less (), fogeater (). , . , ., to give a conference = to give a lecture (Quebecdialect). : 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . : 1. , . . ?) Dear Sirs, By now you will have received our new price-list giving details of the reduction in prices for all our Dry Batteries, which came into effect on January,1st. Similar reductions were made in other markets and the result has so greatly exceeded our expectations that our stocks are rapidly diminishing. While we are producing at full speed, we may be unable to pace with the exceptional demand, and a slight delay in dispatch may soon become unavoidable. You have probably intended to reorder shortly; if we are right in thinking this, we would ensure immediate dispatch from stock. Yours faithfully,Martin KimlandSales Manager ) Insecurity Haunts North African Regimes South-Med Hopes Southern Mediterranean states hope to exploit their growing internal security concerns as a means of intensifying pressure on the European Union to cement inter-regional ties during the Barcelona summit. Among North African states there is growing insistence that the EU should respond more positively to demands for resources which would bolster the incumbent governments of the region in the face of insecurity they portray as threatening to Europe. The EU aid package for Mediterranean states, amounting to 4 billion pounds, announced at the Cannes summit in June, is regarded by the beneficiaries as little more as a token gesture. North African states will use theBarcelona meeting to emphasize the link between political insecurity and a lack of investment. Smail Benamara, Algerian councilor for foreign affairs says: Its necessary to give much more money than that provided at Cannes. There cannot be stability and security without the settling of the social questions. ) The gold paper was stamped with a pattern of ridges and spines, a miniature nautilus wrapped around dark imported chocolate. Unlike cheap candy that clawed and irritated, this confection slipped down the throat andsatisfied. The gold paper was subtly textured and, like fine damask, when angled just so to the light, it revealed secret designs diamonds iridescent and intermittent. Opened flat, the foil was about a three-inch square. It never failed to amaze Fei Lo how boxes and bags could be knocked down to a flat piece of hard paper with notches and missing corners. But the spines that formed this shell design could not be flattened. They were hot-stamped into the paper almost permanently giving the wrapped chocolate its crisp elegance. Fei Lo turned the foil over. A shard of chocolate fell free from the crease. He stared at it before knocking it into his mouth. 2. . ) Slave Driver Four school kids from Oklahoma are dragging the entire states education system through the courts after they were forced to take part in what their school called a creative history lesson. It seems that their teacher wantedthem to get a taste of life on a slave ship and to this end had the children tied up with masking tape and beaten by their fellow pupils. Most teachers would have drawn the line at the beating, but this particular teacher was clearly a bit of an adventurous soul because he then ordered that they be imprisoned together in a shower stall and smeared with the contents of dirty nappies in order that they get a flavour of what life was really like on the journey from Africa to the New World. ) Smart but Smelly A student of astrophysics at the University of Oslo has had his appeal against expulsion from the university rejected. For the 22-year-old astronomer this was just one of many defeats he has faced in his battle to be readmitted to the university on his own terms. While the university authorities would be more than happy to have him back if their decision could be based purely on his academic record (astrophysics tend to be very clever) the authorities will not allow him into the building until he agrees to wash on a regular basis. The student claims that a lack of soap and water enables him to get a better grip on cosmology and is to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights in a further attempt to gain readmission. ) A Wonderful Son This should serve as a warning to all those parents who insist on teaching their children the value of money. A woman in York has begun legal proceedings against her son after he refused to share the proceeds from awinning lottery ticket with her. For the last two years, mother and son have each been putting in £20 per month to buy lottery tickets, which the son would pay for and pick up every Saturday before going to work. One particular Saturday evening he rang his mother to say that they had won two million pounds on one of their tickets. The mother was thrilled to hear this and spent the evening deciding on what she was going to do with her share. Imagine her disappointment when, the following morning, her son called to say that he had made a mistake and that the winning ticket had in fact not been one of theirs, but one that he had bought on his own. ) Busted by Invitation Dope smokers the world over seem to be welcoming the tendency of many police forces to turn a blind eye to what the law is beginning to see as a fairly harmless habit. However, even the police can only lighten up so much.Two officers arrived at a house in Massachusetts after someone accidentally dialed 911 and then hung up. After being invited into the house, the officers were surprised to find marijuana being smoked. They were going to let it pass until the lady of the house proudly showed them a huge store of the stuff in the kitchen. The woman and her husband were a little taken aback to find themselves in court on charges of cultivating and supplying marijuana. (From The Best Book of Bizarre But True Stories by Mike Flynn) 3. , , . . , ? . bosh to carry the ball poppycock skunk rap nigger bucks a little snot nose grand barking iron sickener mucker goner goldbricker sozzler jerker smeller student Aunt Mary tea-head African Black cactus juice killer banana-head antifreeze bedroom eyes flakes, ice noser IV - , , , , .. , - , , approximate, commence, comprise, experimental, internal, external, indicate, initial, etc. . , , , , ., to externalize to express inner feelings. , , . - , ., to assist, endeavor, sufficient, etc. , , , ., hereby, herein, thereafter, herewith, , , moreover, furthermore, however, in consequence of, etc. - , . - . , . . . , .. , . , , , , , . , , . .. , , , . . , , . , , , , , (, ), . , , , , . : challenged acquisition ( , ), income, profit, bond, equity, securities, venturecapital, capital gain, etc. , . : - - , ., connecting rod, cylinder head, sound wave, steam-boiler, velocity joint, etc.; - , , ., toughness, drainage, breakage, abandonment, mistrial, etc.; - , , ., to trap, to condition, etc.; - , ., room and pillar conveyer system, two-strike cycle engine, etc. , ., telegraphy, phonetics, microfilm, telemechanics. , , . , ., tele-, micro-, mega-, hyper-, mono-, iso- .. , . . : , (, , , , ..). . , , truck, television tube. .. ( , ., thee, thine, thy, pallet, etc.), ( , ., methinks, nay, etc.) (, , ., troth faith). . . : thou, thy, aye, morn, eve, moon, foe, woe, steed, behold etc. , aforesaid, herewith, hereby, etc. . , , ., yeoman, hauberk, goblet, mace, phaeton, prairie schooner. . , . , . . , kin . , , , , .. , , .. . . ; . : comme il faut, tete-a- tete, en route, coup detat, carte blanche, a la carte, haute couture, blitzkrieg (or blitz), ide fixe, alter ego, perestroika, etc. .. , , , , . ; , , , , , , dacha, soviet, kolkhoz, perestroika, chalet, etc. , ., methodical, penetrate, function, etc. , . , , . . , , . , . . :) , ., bard, perchance, eve, lone, amidst, oer, neer, mead, gladsome, vale, etc.;) , ., wrought, thee, naught, ere, etc.) , ., oft, rest (stop), nay, yea, etc.;) , ., robe, garment, apparel, reverie, etc. . , . .. , - . : 1. - . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . : 1. - . ? Mistaken Identity Everyone in the room listened open-mouthed as a man, convicted two years previously of an armed robbery, attempted to convince a court of appeal that he had been wrongfully imprisoned. His defence rested on the notion that reports from eyewitnesses as to the identity of the robber could not be relied upon as evidence of his guilt. Even though the man was arrested outside the bank, in possession of stolen money, and with two guns and a knife secreted about his person and even though his accomplice, who was arrested in the getaway car, had identified him as the man who had gone into the bank to carry out the robbery, the man still felt that he was in with a chance for freedom. His argument was How could the people in the bank have identified me? I had a mask on when I did the job. The appeal court remained unconvinced. (From The Best Book of Bizarre But True Stories by Mike Flynn) 2. , , . ) Two officers from the Lothian and Borders traffic police in Scotland were out playing with their new radar gun on the Berwickshire Moors, catching speeding motorists and having a jolly time handing out tickets when the gun suddenly jammed up, giving a reading of 300 mph. For a moment duo were terribly confused, wondering who on earth could be driving at that speed. Suddenly, all became clear when a very low-flying Royal Air Force Harrier jet skimmed the top of their police car. The officers complained to the local RAF station, saying that their new toy had been ruined by the pilots exploits but were surprised to find themselves being reprimanded for using the radar gun in such a reckless fashion. At the moment their speed gun had locked on to the Harrier, the planes target seeker had locked on to what it interpreted as an enemy radar signal and triggered an automatic air-to-surface missile strike. Fortunately or the officers, the Harriers weapons systems had not been armed. (From The Best Book of Bizarre But True Stories by Mike Flynn) ) How do you expand an existing two-lane bridge into a three-lane bridge? To widen the Interstate 84 crossing over the Hudson River from 30 to 39 feet, the New York State Department of Transportation used structural lightweight concrete. Because the concrete used in the new deck weighed 35 pounds per cubic foot less than the concrete that was removed from the old deck, less than 20 percent of the steel support framing needed strengthening. And this is notunusual. Replacing an old bridge deck made of normal weight concrete will often permit the deck to be widened with minimal modifications to the substructure. (From Concrete Construction, 1985) ) The concept of semantic field, like the concept of semantic frame, opened up new domains of semantic research, first in Germany in the 1930s and then in the United States in the 1970s. Both concepts brought aboutrevolutions in semantics, and provided semanticists with new tools for the study of semantic change and semantic structure. Although there have been several historical accounts of the development of field semantics, there exists no detailed study linking and comparing the development of field and frame semantics. (From Journal of Pragmatics, 2000) 3. ; . ? ? ) A man in Norfolk, Virginia, cut off his own hand and would not let a doctor attempt to reattach it. Claiming that the hand had become possessed by the Devil and, quoting the biblical verse If thy right hand offends thee, cut it off and cast it from thee, he got busy with a saw. When the doctor tried to reattach the hand, the man claimed that the number 666 commonly believed by certain Christians, horror writers and the insane to be the mark of the antichrist had appeared on the hand and refused to allow the doctor to perform the operation. (From The Best Book of Bizarre But True Stories by MikeFlynn) ) Woe to you, Oh Earth and Sea, for the Devil sends the beast with wrath, because he knows the time is short Let him who hath understanding reckon the number of the beast for it is a human number, its number is Six hundred and sixty six. (Revelations Ch. XIII V. 18) ) And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more Death. Neither sorrow, nor crying. Neither shall there be anymore Brain; for the former things are passed away. (Revelations Ch. XXI V. 4) ) O God of Earth and Altar Bow down and hear our cry, Our earthly rulers falter, Our people drift and die, The walls of gold entomb us, The swords of scorn divide, Take not thy thunder from us, But take way our pride. (G.K. Chesterton: English Hymnal) ) The time will come for him to lay claim his crown, And then the foe yes theyll be cut down (Iron Maiden: To Tame a Land) ) The Dolce Vita is worth all the hassles, except one: health care. If you go to Ches shrine in Santa Clara southeast of Havana, where he is buried beneath a gigantic Soviet-style statue that commemorates both his decisive military victory over Fulgencio Batistas army in 1958 (after which the dictator fled the country) and Ches departure for Bolivia in 1965 to foment another (this time unsuccessful) revolution, you will see him heroically outlined against the sky. Cubans who apparently revere El commandante muse out a lot about his longevity, wondering whether he will last another decade or more, which keeps them in a state of suspense, if not suspended animation. Like a dream, salsa music wafted in from a dance hall across the street. It glows with Spanish-style grandeur and art-deco elegance; and its literary history makes it memorable. (From Newsweek, 2003) Misaki and Daisuke dressed up in their formal kimonos to celebrate and bought the symbolic good luck candy called chitose-ame. Huge lanterns in the shape of samurai are paraded through the streets. Origami is the Japanese traditional art of making various forms, such as animals or flowers, by folding a piece of paper. People are familiar with Origami from their childhood in Japan. Orizuru (a paper crane) is the most popular subject in Origami, and it is very hard to find a Japanese who cannot make one. (From Hello Japan, 2003) Sitting next to me was a Cuban in his 60s from Miami. As we descended toward Havana Airport, he kept looking out of the porthole at the sparse pinpoints of light below. Poquito! Poquito! he said, grimacing sadly and holding up his thumb and index finger like a pair of tweezers. Havanas pale flickering, a poor match for Miamis electric blaze, seemed to evoke contradictory feelings in him of anguish and schadenfreude. (From Newsweek, 2003) 4. ? . sari, rupee, samosa, dacha, samovar, dcolletage, dcollet, coup d'etat V , ( ), . , , , . , , , . , ., house, bread, summer, child, mother, difficult, easy, to go, to stand, etc. , . , , . , . . - : I. : sun, moon, water, fire, earth, wood, field etc.; II. , , : man, woman, mother, father, brother, hand, nose, mouth, finger etc.; III. , , : house, roof, bed, bread, horse, cat etc.; IV. : axe, hammer, nail, saw etc.; V. , : black, white, red, bad, old, young, new, little, high etc.; VI. : go, come, ride, eat, drink, live, work, die etc.; VII. : in, on, to, and, but etc. . ; , . , . , , , . , , . ; . . , , , , , . , , . .. , - . . ; . , . . , , . . , . .. , . , , : necessity ( ) emphasis ( ) beauty ( ). : necessity ( , ., cyberphobia, cyberphilia); emphasis (, , ., laid-back, buttoned-down, burned-out, etc.); beauty ( - , ., dolce vita). ? .. , , . ( ), . ( ) ( ); 1. - , . : - (multi-user, to computerize, to blitz out, to telework, to telecommute, telebanking, videobank, etc.); - (machine translation, artspeak, sportspeak, etc.); - (youthquake, pussy-footer, Europarliament, belonger, survivor, welfare mother, dial-a-meal, multiculturalism, etc.); - (neighbor watch, steaming, wolf-pack, etc.); - (acid fog, energy belt, etc.). - , , , .: - (longlife milk, beefburger, fishburger, etc.); - (slimster, sweatnik, bloomers, etc.); - (thongs, backsters, etc.). , , , , , .. . : - (rah-rah); - (perestroika, dolce vita, etc.); - (umbrella ); - (free-fall, rubber-neck, x-rated, tycoonography, to gallery-hop, to job-hop, hard-to-get, middle-of-the-road, etc.); - (sleeping policeman, to nose out, electronic virus, a whiz-kid). .. , . 45% - . , , , , : 1. . 2. - . 3. . 4. - . 5. . : 1. ( ). ? - . Shakespeare won fame and fortune in London. But he invested his money and kept his family in Stratford-upon-Avon. Some writers on the new London theatre scene of the late sixteenth century abandoned their home towns when they moved to the capital Christopher Marlowe, for example, maintained no connection with Canterbury once he had left. But Shakespeare never cut himself off from his birthplace. It is tempting to read particular meaning into such loyalty, but it was quite common at the time for people to work for a while inLondon without ever completely settling in there. Local loyalties ran deep. There was little of the faceless anonymity of modern urban life save, perhaps, in London. In a town the size of Stratford, at any rate, most people probably knew each other. Ones relations with ones neighbours needed to be maintained if life was to go on smoothly. In Shakespeares day, Stratford was a corporation, i.e. it governed itself. Every year a bailiff and fourteen aldermen, along with the fourteen burgesses they appointed, would handle the towns affairs, dealingwith everything from breaking up fights to petitioning the Crown for assistance in the wake of a ruinous fire. In many ways, this was a community whose members were known to each other in a way which a modern city-dweller might well find intrusive, but which could also make for a close-knit sense of belonging. Shakespeare was baptised on 26 April 1564. Tradition insists that he was born on 23 April 1564, partly so that the birthday of the National Poet should coincide with the Saints Day of the National Saint, and partly for the sake of symmetry, in that he was to die on 23 April. However, one cannot be sure. Hewas born into an uncertain world. Of his seven siblings, three died in childhood. He was lucky to survive childhood himself. The parish records laconically note in the list of burials for 11 July 1564, Hic incipit pestis: the dreaded plague had visited Stratford. Before it left, it would carry off some 200 souls. Infants and the infirm were in particular danger. Roger Green, a neighbour of the Shakespeares, had buried four children by the end of the year. John Shakespeare had moved to Stratford by 1552; in that year, he was fined for leaving an unauthorized dung-heap in Henley Street. Originally he had come from Snitterfield, a village a few miles to the north. He was the son of Richard Shakespeare, a farmer, who died in 1561. He had left his disreputable brother Henry behind in Snitterfield, and taken to the trade of glover and whittawer (one who prepares white leather). He seems also to have traded in wool. For a time, everything went well. The Stratford records chart his early success in the purchase of property around Stratford, and the offices he held in the corporation. By September 1558, when his first child was born, he had married Mary, the daughter of Robert Arden, a modestly well-to-do farmer. Like John, she came from a village a few miles to the north of Stratford. William Shakespeares career would take him to the city to work in a distinctively urban leisure-industry, but his roots, like those of the majority of the English people, were rural. For a while, life was sweet. The Shakespeares were reasonably well off as middling people, and they were blessed with children, whose arrival one can chart through the entries in the baptismal register of Holy Trinity Church: Joan, 1558; Margaret, 1562; William, 1564; Gilbert, 1566; Joan (again - the first had died), 1569; Anne, 1571; Richard, 1574; and Edmund, 1580. John's business did well through the 1560s and into the 1570s. He was rewarded by his rise through the tiers of Stratford government to become Alderman in 1565. This meant that he would be addressed as Master Shakespeare, and on formal occasions he would have worn his gown of office. In the autumn of 1567, John was elevated to the highest office in the corporation when he became Bailiff. Again his position would have been visible to his fellow Stratfordians. He would have processed to the Guild Hall, and would have occupied a place of honour in church and, perhaps, when touring theatre companies came to perform. Even after his year in office, his standing was high: in 1571, when his neighbor Adrian Quiney was Bailiff, he was elected Chief Alderman and deputy. At some point while his fortune held, John Shakespeare applied to the College of Heralds for a Coat of Arms. This would have established his status as a gentleman, and passed it on to his heirs - an important matter in a society so conscious of rank. The College got as far as drawing up a design for him, but the grant was never completed. The reason can be gleaned from the Stratford records. From 1576, his attendance at council meetings fell off. His colleagues were asindulgent to him as they could be, but finally, on 6 September 1586, they had to replace him because Mr Shaxspere doth not come to the halls when they do warn, nor hath not done of long time. He had fallen on hard times. In 1578 he mortgaged part of his wifes inheritance. There were other transactions clearly designed to raise ready money. He seems to have had other, perhaps related, problems: in 1582 he undertook a legal process designed to restrain four fellow citizens from attacking him. Attendance at church was required by law, but in1592 the Stratford authorities listed nine absentees whom they suspected kept away from church for fear of being arrested for debt. The hapless John Shakespeare was among them. The precise cause of John Shakespeares problems is not known. But times were hard in the late sixteenth century. The assumption behind the managed economy of Elizabethan England was that life went on much thesame from one generation to the next. Their ideal was not the modern one of progress, but rather of stasis. Historical realty was very different as John Shakespeare found out the hard way, and as his son discovered to his profit when he recouped the family fortunes in the newly-established professional theatre. (From The Life & Times of William Shakespeare by James Brown) VI . , .. , , - () ( ),


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