:
1. TCP/IP.
2. .
3. IP-.
4. .
5. TCP/IP.
[1] TCP/IP. TCP/IP . OSI, , TCP/IP OSI . 1.
OSI | TCP/IP | |
FTP, SMTP, HTTP, telnet | ||
TCP, UDP | ||
IP, OSPF, ICMP | ||
, .
OSI , , , (FTP), (SMTP), (HTTP) . . , -. , .
( ) :
- TCP;
- - UDP.
TCP , :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- , .
TCP , . , . , , TCP .
( ) TCP/IP. , OSI, . , .
IP. IP , : . , , IP , , .
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IP . , IP- , IP-. .
IP, , . IP .
, , , , IP , .
, . - . , , IP .
TCP/IP . , OSI , , , , . TCP/IP , :
- IP ;
- , .
TCP/IP, OSI, , , , .
TCP/IP , . , , .
, , . , , . , .
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|
. TCP/IP :
- , TCP UDP;
- TCP ;
- UDP . , , , IP, ;
- TCP/IP , IP .
. TCP/IP :
- - , , , , , . , - - , , 11-0-17-3D-BC-01. , . - 6 : 3 - , 3 . , , .25 frame relay,
, ( ) , (WAN), , X.25, Frame Relay (LAN), , Ethernet, FDDI .. , - , . . |
- IP- . IP . IP-. IP-, . , IP- , .
- , , , SERV1.IBM.COM. , , , , . , DNS-, , , FTP telnet.
, , , . |
IP-. IP- , , , .
, , IP- . , , , IP-. IP-, , IP- ( ). |
IP- 4 (32 ) (net id) (host id).
IP- , , :
128.10.2.30.
:
|
|
1000000 00001010 00000010 00011110
80.0A.02.1D.
. IP- :
- ;
- .
IP- , (. 4).
4
IP- | ||||||
A | 1.0.0.0 | 126.0.0.0 | 224 | |||
B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.0.0 | 216 | |||
C | 192.0.0.0 | 233.255.255.0 | 28 | |||
D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 | - | - | Multicast | |
E | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255.255 | - | - |
0, , , . , 1 (0000001) 126 (01111110)[2], . , , 224=16 777 216.
10, . . , 128.0 (10000000 00000000) 195.255 (10111111 11111111) . , , , 216= 65 536.
110, . 24 , 8 . , 28=256.
. 185.23.44.206.
128 191, , . IP-, , ..
185.23.0.0,
,
0.0.44.206.
D E .
1110, D (multicast) - , ( ), . , , IP- .
IP- , . . , . .
. , , IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) . , , . , , , .
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|
, , , MOSPF.
- , . , . |
11110, . .
, IP IP-:
1. IP- , , ( ICMP).
2. , , , , .
3. IP- 1 (.. 255.255.255.255), , , . , , .
4. , , , . , 192.190.21.255 192.190.21.0. .
IP , , .
IP- IP- , , , . .
, , , , , .
, , IP- - .
, , . 4, 2.
8 , 256 : 0 255. 254, 0 255 , 98.255.255.255, . |
IP-, 127 (loopback). .
IP- 127.0.0.1, , , . |
, , . , . IP- , , . 127.0.0.0. IP- , 127.
IP- .
, .
, IP-; , IP- . , . IP-. .
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. 184.85.135.75, 255.255.255.0. 184.85.135.0, 184.85.0.0 ( 1), .
, , 8, .
. IP- 129.64.134.5 255.255.128.0.
- :
10000001.01000000.10000110.00000101
- :
11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000.
. 129.64.134.5 , 129.64.0.0, 0.0.134.5.
, 17 , IP-,
IP- 129.64.134.5 | 10000001.01000000.1 | 0000110.00000101 |
255.255.128.0. | 11111111.11111111.1 | 0000000.00000000 |
129.64.128.0, 0.0.6.5.
. IP- 198.65.12.67, 255.255.255.240. . ?
, , 28 , IP-,
IP- 198.65.12.67 | 11000110.01000001.00001100.0100 | |
255.255.255.240 | 11111111.11111111.11111111.1111 |
198.65.64.0, 0.0.0.3. 24-2=14.
:
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 (255.0.0.0);
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 (255.255.0.0);
- 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (255.255.255.0).
. . 254 . , ? , ?
: 255. - 255.255.255.0.
. , , : FF.FF.00.00 . 185.23.44.206/16. , 16 IP- 16 .
, . , , , .
, Internet, , .
1998 . ICANN , , , : ARIN (), RIPE (), APNIC ( ). . |
, IP-. , IP-.
. , . |
IP-, , . . ( - NAT) :
- 10.0.0.0, 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255;
- 16 172.16.0.0 172.31.0.0, 172.16.0.0172.31.255.255;
- 255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.0, 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255.
IPv6, 16- . . |
, , , . , , , NAT.
NAT , .
NAT . ( ), . NAT, , , {IP*}, , {IP}, (. 2), ..
{IP*}{IP}.
. 2 NAT
, , {IP}. , NAT.
. 2. IP- ( ), . NAT .
, 10.0.0.0/8. .
:
1. - (, 10.0.1.7) , (, 185.127.125.4), , 185.127.125.0.
2. , .
3. NAT, , , 10.0.1.7 181.230.25.1.
4. NAT . 185.127.125.4 10.0.12.3.
. 1. IP- , ? : , , , D E.
1. 127.0.0.1 (-);
2. 201.13.123.245;
3. 226.4.37.105 (-);
4. 103.24.254.0;
5. 10.234.17.25 (-);
6. 154.12.255.255 (-);
7. 13.13.13.13;
8. 204.0.3.1;
9. 193.256.1.16 (-);
10. 194.87.45.0 (- 0 , );
11. 195.34.116.255 (-);
12. 161.23.45.305 (-).
2. :
- ;
- -;
- ?
. IP- . IP-, . , . . supernetting.
, , .
. : 129.44.0.0 ( ?). , 0.0.0.1 0.0.255.254 ( , ). , , , . , . , :
- ;
- .
. 129.44.0.0 10000001 00101100 00000000 00000000. 255.255.192.0 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000.
IP- 129.44.0.0 | 10000001.00101100.00 |
255.255.192.0 | 11111111.11111111.11 |
.
, 16 ( ) 18 ( ), , . , :
129.44.0.0 (10000001 00101100 00000000 00000000)
129.44.64.0 (10000001 00101100 01000000 00000000)
129.44.128.0 (10000001 00101100 10000000 00000000)
129.44.192.0 (10000001 00101100 11000000 00000000)
, 0 (00), 1 (01), 2(10) 3 (11).
, , . , , 129.44.0.0 255.255.192.0 , 129.44.192.0 255.255.192.0. , , , . |
:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
( ) | - | ( ) | |||
129.44.0.0 255.255.192.0 0 214 | |||||
129.44.64.0 255.255.192.0 0 214 | |||||
129.44.128.0 255.255.192.0 0 214 | |||||
129.44.192.0 255.255.192.0 0 214 | |||||
, . 4.
. 4.
129.44.0.0, , 1. 2. 129.44.0.0, 129.44.64.0, 129.44.128.0 - 255.255.192.0. 2. , (129.44.192.0 255.255.192.0) . , 129.442192.1 ( 2) 129.44.192.2 ( 1) 129.44.192.0 129.44.192.255 , (214 - 4) .
- , , . 2 . , ( ) , .
, IP, .
1. .
2. ( 2 ).
M2
Network Address | Netmask | Gateway Address | Interface | Metric | |
129.44.0.0 | 255.255.192.0 | 129.44.0.1 | 129.44.192.2 | ||
129.44.64.0 | 255.255.192.0 | 129.44.64.7 | 129.44.64.7 | ||
129.44.128.0 | 255.255.192.0 | 129.44.128.5 | 129.44.128.5 | ||
129.44.192.0 | 255.255.192.0 | 129.44.192.1 | 129.44.192.1 | ||
0.0.0.0 | 0.0.0.0. | 129.44.192.2 | 129.44.192.1 | - | |
129.44.128.15 | 255.255.255.255 | 129.44.64.8 | 129.44.64.7 |
. : ( ) IP- ( ).
IP- , 255.255.255.255.
, 2.
0.0.0.0 , , 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0, , . 0.0.0.0 . .
, IP- IP-, , , :
1. , , .. 255.255.255.255 . - , .
2. , , , . IP , ..:
- , IP- , ;
- ;
- , ;
- , , .
3. , , 0.0.0.0, 0.0.0.0.
(. 4).
, , 129.44, , 1.
1 129.44.0.0 2, 129.44.192.1.
2 . 129.44.128.15, 129.44.128.0, 129.44.128.5 2, 3.
. , 1 129.44.192.1 2 129.44.78.200.
1. IP 129.44.78.200 129.44.128.15, .
2. , IP , , :
- 255.255.192.0 129.44.78.200:
IP- 129.44.78.200 | 10000001.00101100.01 | 001110.11001000 |
255.255.192.0 | 11111111.11111111.11 | 000000.00000000 |
129.44.64.0, 0.0.14.200;
- 129.44.64.0 129.44.0.0. ;
- ( , ) 129.44.78.200. 129.44.64.0;
- , 129.44.64.7 , .
IP- . IP , , .
TCP/IP IP- . IP , . , IP IP-, , :
- ;
- , (, IP- -).
IP- (ARP). , ; .
IP- - . ( , ) ARP-, IP- - .
, () ARP- . IP- Ethetnet, .. IP- - .
IP ARP, ARP- . ( , , , ), IP- , ARP , .
IP ARP IP- ARP-. IP- , TCP. , ARP-. |
ARP- Ethernet
1. | 1 - Ethernet | ||
2. | Ethernet 6 | ||
3. | IP 4 | ||
4. | ARP- 1 | ||
5. | 008048760 | - | |
6. | 194.85.135.75 | ||
7. | |||
8. | 194.85.135.65 |
ARP- IP- . , , ARP-, IP- , ARP- .
ARP- Ethernet
1. | |||
2. | |||
3. | |||
4. | ARP- 2 | ||
5. | 000F77F1920 | ||
6. | 194.85.135.65 | ||
7. | 008048760 | ||
8. | 194.85.135.75 |
ARP- .
ARP- IP 194.85.135.75, , IP- 194.85.135.65 - 000F77F1920. Ethernet, IP-.
IP- ( Ethernet), ARP- . IP IP-, .
ARP- , IP- - ARP- .
ARP-
IP- | - | |
194.85.135.75 | 008048760 | |
194.85.135.65 | 000F77F1920 | |
194.85.60.21 | 0080487567 |
ARP- , ARP- ARP-.
ARP- ARP-, ARP-. |
:
- , , () ;
- ARP, , ; ( ), , , .
. 3.
. DEFAUL? ? Windows ( MRP), ?
. DEFAUL Unix ( Unix-) . . DEFAUL=194.87.23.1 IP- . MRP : 0.0.0.0=194.87.23.1.
1. CIT.DOL.RU, Ethernet IP- 194.87.23.17, FTP S1.MSK.SU, Ethernet IP- 142.06.13.14
>ftp S1.MSK.SU
2. FTP , , IP. IP- IP- . CIT.DOL.RU S1.MSK.SU, /IP IP- .
3. /IP CIT.DOL.RU IP-, IP- IP- DNS-. IP DNS , IP-. IP- ( UNIX host /ect).
4. , CIT.DOL.RU host,
142.06.13.14 S1.MSK.SU.
5. , IP IP- 142.06.13.14 S1.MSK.SU.
6. IP CIT.DOL.RU , 142.06.13.14. (142.06.0.0) (194.87.23.0) , -, .
7. CIT.DOL.RU Ethernet IP- , IP- 194.87.23.1, MAC-, . IP ARP, ARP-. CIT.DOL.RU - , , IP- MAC- - ARP. -:
194.87.23.1 008048760
8. - 008048760 11.
9. CIT.DOL.RU , Ethernet, :
10. 1 1 Ethernet, - 11. Ethernet IP- , IP. IP 142.06.13.14 . :
142.06.0.0 135.12.0.11 2
, 142.06.0.0 135.12.0.11, , 2 1.
11. IP - IP- 135.12.0.11. ARP. , - . ARP-
12. 2 2 IP- ARP-
13. , - 000F77F51A0, 1 Ethernet 2.
14. ( 2), . 2 , 142.06.0.0, . ARP- Ethernet IP- S1.MSK.SU. ARP- - , IP Ethernet
15. S1.MSK.SU Ethernet, -, , IP. IP- , - -. - , IP , FTP-.
TCP/IP: IPv.6 TCP/IP 1970- , IP, TCP, UDP ICMP, . , , TCP/IP .
, - TCP/IP, :
1. . , 30 , Internet 800 .
2. . Internet intranet TCP/IP, , , . , . . , , frame relay ATM, . , (, Ethernet). , , IP.
3. Internet. 90- Internet , 30 , 95- - Internet . Internet, IP .
4. . Internet . , . TCP/IP.
Internet - IP. , , IP, , IP ( ) .
IP IPv6, IPv4 . :
- ,
- ,
- .
, IPv6 IPv4. :
1. . - IPv6 IPv4. 6 128- .
2. . ( ), IPv6 .
3. . IPv6 IPv4.
4. . - , .
IPv6
IPv6 128 16 . 6 4 :
Unicast - . - . .
Cluster - . , (, ). , (, ).
Multicast - , . , , .
IPv4, IPv6 , .
. , Internet, Provider-Assigned Unicast.
: 010
Internet , . , . .
, IPv4, .
IPv6 , , .25. , .
6 , IP- - .
IPv4, IPv6 , 0000 0000 . 4 IPv4. , , , IPv4, , IP