A B.
* T .
Ax = b, (b ) x , A − 1 , x = A − 1b. , .
, , , .
, , -1, = -1.
, i j - a i j.
5.2
6.1
6.2
7.1
x1, x2,..., xn-1, xn .
aij , bi i = 1, 2,..., m; j = 1, 2,..., n.
, , .
, , . , , .
. .
bi , , .
, .
Ax = b:
A , b , x .
:
Ap .
Ax = b, b ≠ 0, Ax =0 Ax = b.
7.2
n 1,2,...,n,... xn, x1,x2,...,xn,... .
. {xn} (), ( m) , xn xn< (xn>m).
( m) ( ) {xn}, xn<(xn>m) ().
. {xn} ( ), , , .. M m , xn m<xn<.
|
|
m {xn}, .
{xn} , , xn : ∣ xn∣≤ .
{xn} , * xn, ∣ xn∣> *.
8.1
=ƒ() .
, , , D /D =ƒ'()+α, α→0 ∆→0, ∆=ƒ'()∆+α∆.
, ∆ ƒ'()∆ ∆, ∆x→0. ∆, , ∆:
ƒ'() ∆ ∆.
=ƒ() , , d ( dƒ()):
dy=ƒ'()∆. (1)
.
=ƒ() (; ) +∆ (. . 138). ½ ½ =∆, |AM1|=∆. :
, , tga=ƒ'(). =ƒ'()∆.
(1), dy=, . . =ƒ() , ∆.
, (dy=f'(x)dx) .
, = , : dy='dx=0dx=0.
24.1. , :
24.2. .
=ƒ(u) u=φ() , =ƒ(φ()).
'='uu'x.
dx, 'dx='uu'dx. 'dx=dy u'dx=du. , :
dy='udu.
dy='dx dy='udu, , =ƒ() , .
|
|
() .
dy='dx dy='udu, : , , dx=∆, , , , du≠∆u.
.
: d(cosu)=(cosu)'udu=-sinudu
8.2
1. , , ,
2. -1. ,
3. , .
4. k k. ,
5. , . ( k=0).
6. , .
7. n- n- , , n- n- , - ; , , . ,
8. ( ) ( ), , . ,
9.
- ( ) .
9.1
9.2
()
.
() () :
. ,
.
u(x) u(x) - . u(x)v(x)
.
.
u(x) u(x) - . , v(x) ≠ 0,
10.1
10.2
11.1
, .
. ( ) ( , ) .
aii .
( ) .
11.2
12.1
AX = 0 . () , r = rank A < n.
|
|
( ) :
n - r - :
. - .
n - r; - .
12.2
g(x) ( ), x :
,
( ) ( ).
: , , .. .
1) :
:
) f(x) , .
) f(x)
) ,
, , , .
2)
g(x) , . g(x), , ; , .
3)
g(x) N , (N - 1)- , N- . :
) N - , : , .
) N - , g(x) .
13.1
a, b , , , b , , (. . 16).
b , :
1. a b, . . ^ ^b;
2. , , b (. . 17), . .
3. a, b .
b [,b]. i, j k (. . 18):
i j = k, j k = i, k i = j.
, , ij=k.
1) k^i, k^j;
2) |k|=1, | i x j| = |i| |J| sin(90)=1;
3) i, j k (. . 16).
1. , .. b =(b a) (. . 19).
b b , ( ), ( , b, b a, b, bxa ). axb = -(bxa).
|
|
2. , . . l( b) = (l) b = (lb).
l>0. l(b) b. (l)b b ( , l ). , l(b) (l)b . , . :
l(a b)= lb. l<0.
3. b , , . . ||b <=>b =0.
, i *i =j *j =k *k =0.
4. :
(a+b) = +b .
.
13.2
n 1,2,...,n,... xn, x1,x2,...,xn,... .
. {xn} (), ( m) , xn xn< (xn>m).
( m) ( ) {xn}, xn<(xn>m) ().
. {xn} ( ), , , .. M m , xn m<xn<.
m {xn}, .
{xn} , , xn : ∣ xn∣≤ .
{xn} , * xn, ∣ xn∣> *.
14.1
, b , : (b). , . , , . .
(b)*. , , b, d =b (. . 22).
: ( b) = d = |d| d, |d|=| b| =S, S , b, d = d = - , ͗ . : (axb)*c =S *(H), . . (axb)*c =V, V , , b .
, , , , , , .
1. , . . ( b)=(b )=( )b.
, ,
2. , . . (b)=*(bx ).
, (b)=V (b )=(b )=V. , , b, b, , .
, (a b)=a (b ). ( b) abc , .
3. -, . . abc =-acb, abc =-bac, abc =-cba.
, , .
4. , b , .
abc =0, , b .
, . V¹ 0. abc =V, , abc¹0. : abc =0.
|
|
, , b, . d =b , , b,, , d ^. d =0, . . abc =0.
14.2
15.1
+ + = 0,
, . .
, :
C = 0, ≠0, ≠ 0
= 0, ≠0, ≠0 { By + C = 0}-
= 0, ≠0, ≠ 0 { Ax + C = 0}
= = 0, ≠0
= = 0, ≠0
+ + = 0 :
, k.
+ + = 0 ≠0, , , ,
, , b .
15.2
f (x) (a, b), , y = f (x) (x0, f (x0)), x0 (a, b).
f (x) (a, b), , y = f (x) (x0, f (x0)), x0 (a, b).
() .
f (x) ( ) (a, b), :
f '' (x) > 0 x (a, b), f (x) (a, b);
f '' (x) < 0 x (a, b), f (x) (a, b).
, , . , x0 f '' (x0), f '' (x0) = 0.