1. (, ) Wal-Mart ?
2. ? ?
3. ? ?
4. , , , Wal-Mart. ?
Wal-Mart ?
5. Wal-Mart?
4: Ford2
21 1994 . Ford , - Ford Automotive Operations (). R&D, , (vehicle program centers). ,
1 Kuntz M. Re-inventing the store // Business Week, 1995. November 27.
2 Pelofsky, M., Schleisinger L. Transformation at Ford // Harvard Business School; Treecej. ., Kerwin K., Dawley H. Ford // Business Week, 1995. April 3; Afuah A. Innovation management: Strategies, implementation, and profits. Oxford University Press, 1998.
. , . , . Ford . : . , ?
Ford 2000
Ford 2000 1994 . Ford . 1994 . 3,8 . . -, 1991 1992 . 3,7 1,7 . . Chrysler. -, , , Ford . Chrysler 11,6%, Ford 5,5%. Ford Taurus, . 37 , Ford 20 . , Mondeo Contour Mystique , Ford 6 . . , .
|
|
, - , Ford , . Ford of Europe, North American Auto-
motive Operations Ford Asia Pacific Automotive Operations , . , . , .
, . Ford . . Ford , , ... 1.
1990- . -- .
Ford 2000.
, Ford . , , , . - Ford Automotive Operations. , , . , . : ,
Pelofsky M., Schleisinger L. Transformation at Ford. N. Y., 1991. P. 11.
|
|
, . , . - , . , - . , , .
: - - Ford?
. -, R&D, . -, . , , . , .
, , - . Ford , 3 ., 1996 2000 . 11 . , , , . . , , 50% . ! .
, R&D Ford R&D. , , , . , . Ford . -, , , . -, . , , , non-stop process.
, . . , . . Ford , . .
|
|
Ford . , , .
, . : , , . . , . , . . , Ford 2000 .
, -- , . . , . , Ford , .
Ford 2000 , , . : . . -, ' . -, , .
, .
Ford (. 2.1.2).
1. Ford 1990- .
2. Ford 2000.
3. ?
4. Ford 320 . . , ? ?
|
|
5. Ford ? .
5: Marion Labs., Inc. 1
- Marion Lab., Inc. . 30 Marion.
1963 . 2 . , 1976 . 40 . 1989 . 930 . 3500 . 1980- . Marion Fortune . , , :
1. :
- ;
< ;
- ;
<0> .
2. .
1 . . , , - /( Marion 1989 ., .: . / . .: ., 1995.
3. .
Os-Cal , .
60- . Marion : . .
60- . . -. , . .
4- Gaviscon 1970 . >>. Marion . . 㻗 , . 4- Silvaden 1974 . . , , . , Marion .
4- Ditropan 1976 . -. 4- Carafate 1981 . -
.
4- Cardizem . 1989 . - .
f Cardizem SR R&D Marion .
+ Integra , . 1981 . 1990 . Marion .
4- Pentasa . 1990 .
1980- ., , Marion - .
Marion Nower, . Marion Nower, -.
|
|
Marion R&D, .
, - . . 1976 . R&D 3 ., 1989 . 133 .
- Marion , . . - .
1. Marion?
2. R&D
?
R&D Marion (R&D Margin) 1976
1989 .
3. -
Marion
?
6: "AIBO" Sony1
2000 . Sony . , .
, . 2.1.1.
2.1.1. AIBO
1,5 | |
1 52 281 250 ( ) | |
User | // |
, | |
1,5 | |
5-35 | |
32 | |
: 3 : 3 : 2 : 2 |
, -
1 : www.sony.com; .
, 50 , , .
, . , -.
Sony www.AIBO.com. . 1500 . AIBO , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .