3.1 1-2
.1.
1 = 4,57 ; 2 = 4,43 ;
n1 = 1445 -1; n2 = 578 -1;
u12 = 2,5.
, .
45 .
1= 269...302 (.26 [3]). 1 = 285; σ1=890 , σ1= 650 80 ;
35 . 2= 235262 (.26 [3]). 2 = 250; σ2=780 , σ2= 540 125 ;
, :
σH lim b , N.
KHL ;
SH- ;
ZR , ' ;
Zv - , ;
KL - , ;
KXH - , .
:
σH lim b = 2 + 70 = 2 285 + 70 = 640 (. 28[3]).
SH = 1,1 (. 29[1]).
< 1, 1, 1≤ KHL ≤ 2,6 (.91[3]).
N , .
NHO = 30H HB 2,4 = 30∙2852,4 =23374855;
NHE . .
ZR = 1 ( 7- );
Zv =1 ( V< 5 /);
KL =1 ( );
KXH = 1 ( 700 ).
[σ]H1=640·1·1·1·1·1/1,1= 582 .
:
σH lim b = 2 + 70 = 2 250 + 70 = 570 (. 28[3]).
SH = 1,1 (. 29[1]).
< 1, 1.
NHO = 30H HB 2,4 = 30∙2502,4 =17067789;
NHE2 = NHE1/u12 = 667329900/2,5 =266931960
ZR = 1 ( 7- );
Zv =1 ( V< 5 /);
KL =1 ( );
KXH = 1 ( 700 ).
, , . [σ] = [σ]2 = 518 .
.
ψba =b/a 0,200,40 2185-76 (.30) [1]. ψba = 0,315.
= α β ν
α , . = 1.
β - , .
|
|
.37[3] b/d1 = ψba (u12+1)/2 = 0,315(2,5+1)/2 = 0,55; ( ; - ) β = 1,06.
ν . 1,2 [3, .96].
.
.32 [3]. = 90 .
.
mn = (0,010,025)a (0,010,025)90 = 0,92,25 .
.33 [3]. m = 2 .
.
(Z1 +Z2) = (2a)/mn =(2∙90)/2 = 90
Z1 = (Z1 +Z2)/(U1-2+1) = 90/(2,5+1) = 25,7
Z1= 26.
Z2 = (Z1 +Z2)- = 90 26 = 64.
U1-2 = Z2/ Z1 = 64/26 =2,46
<[ U ]=2,5%.
.
:
b2 = bω ≈ ψba∙ a = 0,315 ∙ 90 = 28,35 .
.34 b2 = 30 .
25 .
b1 = b2 + 4 = 30 + 4 = 34.
d1 = m ∙ z1 = 2∙ 26 = 52 .
da1 = d1 + 2m = m(z1+2) = 52 + 2 ∙ 2 = 56 .
dƒ1 = d1 2,5m = m(z1+2,5) = 52 2,5 ∙ 2 = 47 .
d2 = m ∙ z2 = 2∙ 64 = 128 .
da2 = d2 + 2m = 128 + 2 ∙ 2 = 132 .
dƒ2 = d2 2,5m = 128 2,5 ∙ 2 = 123 .
: d1/2 + d2/2 =
52/2 +128/2 = 90 .
ϳ
> 2 < 6 /
8 (.35,36).
3.2 3-4
.1.
3 = 4,39; 4 = 4,26 ;
n3 = 578 -1; n4 = 321,1 -1;
u34 = 1,8.
, .
45 .
3= 269302 (.26 [3]). 3 = 285; σ3=890 , σ3= 650 80 ;
35 . 4= 235262 (.26 [1]). 4 = 250; σ4=780 , σ4= 540 125 ;
, :
σH lim b , N.
KHL ;
SH- ;
ZR , ' ;
Zv - , ;
KL - , ;
KXH - , .
:
σH lim b = 2 + 70 = 2 285 + 70 = 640 (. 28[1]).
SH = 1,1 (. 29[1]).
< 1, 1, 1≤ KHL ≤ 2,6 (.91[1]).
N , .
NHO = 30H HB 2,4 = 30∙2852,4 =23374855;
NHE . .
ZR = 1 ( 7- );
Zv =1 ( V< 5 /);
|
|
KL =1 ( );
KXH = 1 ( 700 ).
[σ]H3=640·1·1·1·1·1/1,1= 582 .
:
σH lim b = 2 + 70 = 2 250 + 70 = 570 (. 28[1]).
SH = 1,1 (. 29[1]).
< 1, 1.
NHO = 30H HB 2,4 = 30∙2502,4 =17067789;
NHE2 = NHE1/u12 = 266931960/1,8 =148295533
ZR = 1 ( 7- );
Zv =1 ( V< 5 /);
KL =1 ( );
KXH = 1 ( 700 ).
, , . [σ] = [σ]4 = 518 .
.
ψba =b/a 0,200,40 2185-76 (.30) [3]. ψba = 0,315.
= α β ν
α , . = 1.
β - , .
.37[3] b/d3 = ψba (u34+1)/2 = 0,315(1,8+1)/2 = 0,44; ( ; ) β = 1,05.
ν . 1,2 [3, .96].
.
.32 [3]. = 100 .
.
mn = (0,010,025)a (0,010,025)100 = 1,02,5 .
.33[3]. m = 2 .
.
(Z3 +Z4) = (2a)/mn =(2∙100)/2 = 100
Z3 = (Z3 +Z4)/(U3-4+1) = 100/(1,8+1) = 35,7
Z1= 36.
Z4 = (Z3 +Z4)- = 100 36 = 64.
U3-4 = Z4/ Z3 = 64/36 =1,78
<[ U ]=2,5%.
.
:
B4 = bω ≈ ψba∙ a = 0,315 ∙ 100 = 31,5 .
.34[3] b4 = 32 .
25 .
b3 = b4 + 4 = 32 + 4 = 36 .
d3 = m ∙ z3 = 2∙ 36 = 72 .
da3 = d3 + 2m = m(z3+2) = 72 + 2 ∙ 2 = 76 .
dƒ3 = d3 2,5m = m(z3+2,5) = 72 2,5 ∙ 2 = 67 .
d4 = m ∙ z4 = 2∙ 64 = 128 .
da4 = d4 + 2m = 128 + 2 ∙ 2 = 132 .
dƒ4 = d4 2,5m = 128 2,5 ∙ 2 = 123 .
: d3/2 + d4/2 =
72/2 +128/2 =100 .
ϳ
> 2 /
8 (.35,36).
3.3 1-2
σ ≤ [σ]
[σ] = [σ] = 518 .
Z = 275 1/2 , [3, .71].
Z - , , α = 20
Zε - , .
= α β ν = 1∙ 1,07 ∙ 1,16 = 1,24
α , . = 1[3, .95].
β - , .
.37[3] b2/d1 = 30/52 = 0,58; ( ; - ) β = 1,07.
ν . [3, .38].
. 8. 2 ≤ 350 H. ν = 1,16.
σ < [σ] . 423 < 518 .
.
: σF ≤ [σ] F.
|
|
', , , [σ] F/YF.
,
:
σF limb = 1,8 =1,8 ∙ 285 = 513 . [3, .39] .
KFc , . KFc =1.
SF =2,2 , .41 ( 0,99) [3].
KFL . :
< 1.
m = 6 1≤ KFL ≤ 2,08. 1.
m . ≤350 m = 6 [3, .110].
NFO , . NFO = 4∙106 [1, .110].
NFE . . :
: σF limb = 1,8 =1,8 ∙ 250 = 450 .
NFE2 = NFE1/u1-2 = 489940746/2,46 = 199162905
< 1, =1.
.
YF1 , . Z1 = 26; Z2 = 64. .24[3, .77].
YF1 = 3,89; YF2 = 3,618.
, .
YF2 = 3,618;
Yε ≈ 1- , ;
Yβ = 1- , . 1.
KFα , . 1.
KFβ - , . .37
[3, .104] b2/d2 = 30/128 = 0,23; ( ; - ) Fβ = 1,06.
KFV - . [3, .38].
8. 2 ≤350 H. V = 3,93 /; Fν = 1,11.
σF < [σ] F. 81 < 205 .
䳿 .
σ max ≤ [σ] max,
σ = 423 ;
[σ]H max = 2,8σT = 2,8x540 =1512
σT = 540 .26 .
σ H max < [σ]H max
678 < 1512 䳿 .
䳿 .
σF max ≤ [σ] F max,
σF max = σF · = 81 · 2,57 = 208 .
[σ] F max = 2,75 = 2,75 · 250 = 687,5 .
σF max < [σ] F max; 208 < 687,5 - 䳿 .
3.4 3-4
σ ≤ [σ]
[σ] = [σ] = 518 .
Z = 275 1/2 , ' [3, .71].
Z - , ' , α = 20
Zε - , .
= α β ν = 1∙ 1,06 ∙ 1,1 = 1,17
α , . = 1[3, .95].
β - , .
.37[3] b2/d1 = 32/72 = 0,44; ( ; - ) β = 1,06.
|
|
ν . [3, .38].
. 8. 2 ≤ 350 H. ν = 1,1.
σ < [σ] . 464 < 518 .
: σF ≤ [σ] F.
', , , [σ] F/YF.
,
:
σF limb = 1,8 =1,8 ∙ 285 = 513 . [3, .39] .
KFc , . KFc =1.
SF =2,2 , .41 ( 0,99) [3].
KFL . :
< 1.
m = 6 1≤ KFL ≤ 2,08. 1.
m . ≤350 m = 6 [3, .110].
NFO , . NFO = 4∙106 [3, .110].
NFE . . :
: σF limb = 1,8 =1,8 ∙ 250 = 450 .
NFE2 = NFE1/u1-2 = 19600287/1,78 = 11011397
< 1, =1.
.
YF1 , . Z1 = 36; Z2 = 64. .24[3, .77].
YF1 = 3,75; YF2 = 3,615.
, .
YF2 = 3,615;
Yε ≈ 1- , ;
Yβ = 1- , . 1.
KFα , . 1.
KFβ - , . .37 [3, .104] b2/d1 = 32/128 = 0,25; ( ; - ) Fβ = 1,01.
KFV - . [3, .38].
8. 2 ≤350 H. V = 2,18 /; Fν = 1,25.
σF < [σ] F. 142 < 205 .
䳿 .
σ max ≤ [σ] max,
σ = 464 ;
[σ]H max = 2,8σT = 2,8x540 =1512
σT = 540 .26 [3] .
σ H max < [σ]H max
744 < 1512 䳿 .
䳿 .
σF max ≤ [σ] F max,
σF max = σF · = 142 · 2,57 = 635 .
[σ] F max = 2,75 = 2,75 · 250 = 687,5 .
σF max < [σ] F max; 365 < 687,5 - 䳿 .
˳
1. .. . - .: , 1989.
2. .., .. . .: .., 2002. 408 .
3. . /. .., ... : , 2008. 292 .