.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


,




 

 

 

 

5

1

 

 

__ ___ ________2011.

 

: . ______________ ..

 

 

2011 .

 

1

 

- :

 

1. .

2. , .

3. .

 

: 2 .

:

,
   
   
  , .  
   
   
   
   

1. : /.. , .. , .. . : , 2009. 91 .

2. : /.. , .. , .. . : , 2008.127 .

3. .. , .. , .. , .. . : / . .. . .: , 2003. 272.

4. : / .. , .., .. , .. ; . .. .: , 2005. 382.

5. : , .3 / .., .. , .. ; . .. . .: , 2003. 647.

6. .. . . . .: , 2001. 283.

 

,

 

- - (, . .) - ' ( ) . , , . , , , , - . . () , (, , ). , () .

(. 1) G = {, }, A = {a1,..., aN} - () ( ) B = {bij} - , i j, .

. 1. ,

 

( ) , () ().

() N, ( ), 0 1, ij 1, , i, aj, 0, . , . . 1 :

.

() () () (). (), () , . ( , ). , , .

(), , . , ( ), r(i) . 1 - , - .

, , b, ,... , , . 1 4 , b14 = , b41 - . as at ( , ), , as at. , as at Est. .

() μst as at - , as, at , ( ) . , () (), , () - .

r(μst) ( , , , . . as at ) , . 1, N - 1, .

μkst (k - ) , , . .:

,

( ) :

.

as at mst, () , , - Mst as at: Mst = mst U mts. Mst = mst = mts.

, , as at , , - . , *, m*st, m*ts M*st. , : ; , r; . . ( ) , . . , .

b24 = (. 2 ) 1 3 : m13 = {ab, cd, aed} = ab\/ cd \/ aed m31 = ab\/cd\/ b. 13 :

  a b c d e
         
         
         

2, 2 4.

, . h -, , - h. , . 2 (h = 2). , as t (hst-), , (h*st-). , , - r. , , . 2, h24 =3,

 

. 2. ()

r£2

 

s () (), (), . ast as at , as at (). () , as at , - as at.

N 2N-1-1 . , , ( ), . () :

.

r(sl) .

, - , h: .

S={s1,..., s q} , , sst as at:

) Sst={alst,..., apst}Î S, mst, . . as t;

) , Mst, . . as at;

) S*st={a*lst, , a*pst}, m*st , *. as at , . . . , as at, r, .

, , 1 3 (. 2 ) S13={ac, ad, bec, bd}, 2 (. 3.2 ) ={ac, ad, bd, bc}. , , . b, 1 3 2, 3.

- , , . Rst as at, , R*st, , *. , . 2, 1 3 , 2 4: ,R13 = { 24 } : R13 = (2, a2d, 4, 4b).

( , . .) N .

1. (. 3 ) - . N(N-1)/2. h = N-1.

 

. 3.

 

2. (. 3 ) - . , . . (h = 1). N-1. :

) (. 3 ) ;

) (. 3 ) ;

) (. 3 ).

3. (, ) (. 3 ). N, (h = 2).

4. - (. 3 -), , .

- (), ( 3 ) (), (. 3 ). - () (. 3 ) 2(N -1) h = 3 , . , ( ) = 3, 4, 6 (. 3 , , ) . . rN/2.

, , . , , . () () (. 4). .

. 4

.

. 5.

 

, N 1..., N, ( lij) () , , . (. 5 ), (. 5 ) , () (. 5 ).

( ) , .

 





:


: 2017-03-18; !; : 990 |


:

:

, , 1:10
==> ...

1937 - | 1835 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.031 .