COM. - COM. - . , COM.
USB . USB . USB ( ) 127 . usblink.
LPT - . LPT - . . - .
IrDA - . , 1 . iRDA , (USB iRDA ), USB-. .
Bluetooth ("") - , 10 . Bluetooth , (USB bluetooth ), USB-. .
USB . USB . USB ( ) 127 . usblink.
LPT - . LPT - . . - .
IrDA - . , 1 . iRDA , (USB iRDA ), USB-. .
Bluetooth ("") - , 10 . Bluetooth , (USB bluetooth ), USB-. .
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TCP/IP , , . TCP/IP TransmissionControlProtocol (TCP) InternetProtocol (IP), . DOD ARPANET 1970 ( DARPA, ).
1976 TCP . : - . 150 , . 1978 , TCP : TCP (InternetProtocol, IP). TCP . IP ( ) . . 1 1983 ARPANET . .
TCP/IP (. stack, ) , , , , . , TCP IP.
TCP/IP :
(applicationlayer),
(transportlayer),
(Internetlayer),
(linklayer).
OSI. TCP/IP IP-. , , , .
TCP/IP | ||
(Applicationlayer) | ., HTTP, RTSP, FTP, DNS | |
(Transportlayer) | ., TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP (RIP, , OSPF, IP, ) | |
(Internetlayer) | TCP/IP IP ( , ICMP IGMP, IP, ; ARP , ) | |
(Linklayer) | Ethernet, IEEE 802.11 WirelessEthernet, SLIP, TokenRing, ATM MPLS, , T1, E1 |
(Applicationlayer) .
, , HTTP WWW, FTP ( ), SMTP ( ), SSH ( ), DNS ( IP-) .
SMTP (. SimpleMailTransferProtocol ) , TCP/IP.
SMTP RFC 821 (1982 ); RFC 5321 (2008) ESMTP (. ExtendedSMTP). SMTP, , . SMTP TCP 25.
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TCP UDP , :
HTTP TCP- 80 8080,
FTP TCP- 20 ( ) 21 ( ),
SSH TCP- 22,
DNS UDP ( TCP) 53,
RIP UDP- 520.
:
DHCP,, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC, NNTP, NTP, POP3, POPS, QOTD, RTSP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet, XDMCP.
POP3 (. PostOfficeProtocolVersion 3 , 3) - , TCP/IP-.
POP IMAP (InternetMessageAccessProtocol) - . . POP , (POP3). ( Hotmail,Gmail Yahoo!Mail) IMAP POP3. (POP, POP2) .
IMAP.
NNTP , . SMTP.
IRC (. InternetRelayChat) .
, , .
IRC TCP TLS ().
HTTP (. HyperTextTransferProtocol ) ( HTML, ). HTTP -, :
(), ;
(), , .
ICQ ( . Iseekyou ) , Mail.ru Group. ICQ , OSCAR.
(Internetlayer) . X.25 IPC ARPANET.
, , , ICMP ( IP-) IGMP ( multicast-).
ICMP IGMP IP , , OSI.
IP , , , . IP- . ICMP IGMP , , 1 2.
: DVMRP, ICMP, IGMP, MARS, PIM, RIP, RIP2, RSVP
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OSI
, TCP/IP OSI, .
, OSI Internetworking . ARP STP.
TCP/IP OSI:
OSI | |||
TCP/IP | OSI | ||
., HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, FTP, Telnet, SSH, SCP, SMB, NFS, RTSP, BGP | |||
., XDR, AFP, TLS, SSL | |||
., ISO 8327 / CCITT X.225, RPC, NetBIOS, PPTP, L2TP, ASP | |||
., TCP, UDP, SCTP, SPX, ATP, DCCP, GRE | |||
., IP, ICMP, IGMP, CLNP, OSPF, RIP, IPX, DDP, ARP | |||
., Ethernet, Token ring, HDLC, PPP, X.25, Frame relay, ISDN, ATM, SPB, MPLS | |||
., , , - , |
DHCP (. DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol ) , IP- , TCP/IP. -. - DHCP . , . . DHCP TCP/IP.
DHCP . , IP . DHCP , , IP- .
DHCP | DHCP , , DHCP, , . |
DHCP | DHCP , , DHCP . |
BOOTP | BOOTP , , , DHCP. DHCP , BOOTP. |
Binding | (binding) , , , IP-, DHCP-. DHCP-. |