Verb is a part of speech with grammatical meaning of process, action(tense, aspect, mood, voice, person, and number).
Verb. Meaning of process, action. Predicative function of the sentence. The verb is characterised by an elaborate system of morphological categories, some of which are, however, controversial. These are: tense, aspect, mood, voice, person, and number. The category of voice presents its own difficulties.There are 2 sets of forms in the Modern English verb which are contrasted on the principle of use or non-use of the pattern "be + first participle: writes is writing. The difference between them is: an action going on continuously within certain time limits/ an action, occurring repeatedly or everlasting & not limited. Not every verb is commonly used in the form "be + first participle". Thus, the verbs see, hope, like, fear and others, though denoting perception or feelings, may be found in this form, e. g. It was as if she were seeing herself for the first time. We also find the verb look used in a continuous form where it means 'have the air', not 'cast a look'.The terms continuous & common aspects are used to denote these two sets of forms of the Modern English verb. H.Sweet, O.Jespersen put these forms among the tense forms of the verb.However, the word "tense" disguises the fact that we deal here with a peculiar grammatical category. Another term, "expanded form", or "progressive form" cannot be applied there either, as we might speak of the past form, or of the passive form, etc. Expanded gives a characteristic of the analytical structure of the form, without indicating its meaning. Progressive indicates the meaning, but is hardly preferable to the adjective continuous. It is preferable to use the term "continuous aspect".The problem of aspect deals with a lexicological problem. For durative verbs of the sit type: the sentence with the common aspect form is more matter-of-fact & "dry", the one with the continuous aspect form is more descriptive. The difference may be neutralised. sat in the corner-He was sitting in the corner. For terminative verbs of the bring type: the sentences with the common case provide us with the results, show that the action is completed; the sentences with the continuous case show that the action is not completed, has no results. He brought her some flowers & He was bringing her some flowers. The Russian verb has two aspects, the perfective and the imperfective. It is obvious at once that there is no direct correspondence between English and Russian aspects; for instance, the English continuous aspect is not identical with the Russian imperfective. Verbals (infinitive, gerund, and participle) make up a part of the English verb system & have both some features in common with the finite forms and some peculiarities of their own. The English verbals have no category of number, person or mood, but have the categories of aspect, correlation, and voice.
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The category of aspect, common and continuous, is typical to the infinitive: to speak-to be speaking.
Correlation appears in all forms of the verb, both finite and non-finite, except the imperative.
Tense is only found in the indicative mood. Since the verbals are hardly ever the predicate of a sentence, they do not express the category of tense in the way the finite verb forms do. It can be said that the opposition between (to) speak - (to) have spoken is based on the category of correlation.The verbals have a distinction between active and passive aspects: (to) read (to) be read. As they deny the existence of reflexive, reciprocal and middle voices in the finite forms, we must deny it in the verbals. To sum up, all verbals have the categories of correlation and voice: the infinitive, in addition, has the category of aspect. None of the verbals has the categories of tense, mood, person, or number.
The Verb. TenseVerb is a part of speech with grammatical meaning of process, action. Verb performs the central role of the predicative function of the sentence. The verb is characterised by an elaborate system of morphological categories, some of which are, however, controversial. These are: tense, aspect, mood, voice, person, and number.The category of tense reflects objective category of time and expresses the relations b/n the time of the action and the time of the utterance. In English there are 3 tenses (past, pr., future). There are some doubts about the existence of a future tense. Jespersen: Engl. has no way of expressing pure futurity, as shall is an element of obligation, will- an element of volition. A pr. tense form & present continuous may be used when the action belongs to the future.
These 3 tenses may appear in the common and in the contin. aspects. Besides, there are 2 more: the fut-in-the-past and the fut-cont-in-the-past. They are a deviation from this straight line: their starting point is not the present, from which the past and the future are reckoned, but the past itself. These forms are used chiefly in subordinate clauses depending on a main clause. They can be found in independent clauses as well.
N. Irtenyeva divides the system into 2 halves: 1) tenses centering in the present- pres., pr.perfect, fut., pr. cont., pr. perf. cont; 2) t-s centering in the past- past, past perf., fut-in-the-past, past cont., past perf. cont. Two future tenses are included into the past and the pres. A. Korsakov has developed 2 stages of the grammatical expression of verbal time:I.Absolutive stage: Category of primary time (present & past)II. Relative stage: category of prospective time (non-future & future (afteraction)). Dynamic tenses-are tences of the continuous aspect; anterior- tenses of the perfect correlation. This system has yet to be worked out.
45. Synt.relations of words.Sent.as the main unit of syntax.Asp.of the sent:synt,sem,commun.
Phrase - every combination of two or more words which is a grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of some word. The constituent elements of a phrase may belong to any part of speech. A phrase must contain at least 2 notional words. Synthetical relations between the components: 1. agreement the subordinate word take a similar form of the head word 2. government certain form of a subordinate word is required by its head word. 3.enclosure some element of a phrase is enclosed between 2 parts of another element. Types of phrases:1. "noun + noun" it is a most usual type of phrase in ME. It is divided into two subtypes, depending on the form of the first component (common or genitive case). 2. "adjective + noun", which is used to express things with their properties.3. "verb + noun" expresses 2 different types of relation between an action and a thing: action+ object & action+its measure. Ex: read a book, walk a mile. other types of phrases are: "verb + adverb", "adverb + adjective", "adverb + adverb", "noun + preposition + noun", "adjective + preposition + noun", "verb + preposition + noun", etc.
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The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a certain communicative purpose. The main peculiar features of the sentence are: integrity, syntactic independence, grammatical, semantic, intonational & communicative completeness, communicative functioning, predicativity, and modality.Types Declarative, interrogative, imperative. Declarative makes a statement (affirmative or negative), imperative - inducement (affirmative or negative), request, command; interrogative - request for information.
A sentence can de divided into two sections, one of them expresses the starting point of communication, the other some new information. This division is termed "functional perspective. (I made the trip for curiosity). The words I made the trip are the starting point, the rest of the sentence contains new information). Not every sentence must necessarily consist of these 2 sections. Some sentences (especially one-member sentences) cannot be divided in this way.The terms "theme" & "rheme" are generally applied to these 2 sections. Theme expresses the starting point of the communication. Rheme expresses the basic informative part. The means of expressing theme & rheme are different in different languages. Thus, in a language with a free word order, word order can show the difference between theme and rheme. For instance, in Russian the word which comes last represents the rheme, and the rest - the theme. such variation is impossible in English.
